“…In particular, blockchain promotes the greater security and privacy within IoV networks through encryption. Specifically, numerous studies have used blockchain as a privacy-preserving mechanism for privacy protection and energy storage [75], trusted data sharing [76], identity management [77], prevention of malicious attacks, secure tariff decision [78], protected V2G payment mechanisms [79,80], as well as authentication [81] and encrypted vehicular communication [82,83]. Moreover, the decentralized nature of blockchain storage provides safe recording of transactions that occur within a car, and from a car to its surroundings (e.g., other cars or the infrastructure).…”