An integrated orthognathic surgery system for virtual planning and image-guided transfer without intermediate splint

Virtual skeletal complex model- and landmark-guided orthognathic surgery system

“…Virtual surgery planning was performed according to the actual orthognathic surgical plan, in which 3D movement of the bone segments was compatible with conventional model surgery (Kim et al, 2014). The landmarks used for the displacement were designated directly in the virtual maxillary model, and the desired amount of displacement was entered by a surgeon using a graphical user interface (Kim et al, 2014). During surgery planning, the virtual maxillary model was displaced in 6 degrees of freedom in the same manner as used in conventional orthognathic surgery.…”

“…For rotational movement (roll, pitch, and yaw), the amount of rotation between the target and goal points could be defined by the linear displacement between a target point and a goal position, not by an angular degree; this is performed similarly in conventional paper surgery ( Fig. 3) (Kim et al, 2014). After finishing the virtual planning using the maxillary model, the total planned translation and rotation displacements were applied to the virtual maxillomandibular complex (MMC) model, which simulated the final position of the MMC (Fig.…”

“…In surgery planning, 3D displacement of bone repositioning was compatible with conventional model surgery, and the image-guided surgery system accurately guided the maxillary cast to the desired position (Kim et al, 2014). In the present study, surgery planning was performed using the patient's virtual skeletal models fused with optically scanned 3D dentition.…”

“…Surgical navigation systems are commonly used in the craniomaxillofacial area to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods (Nijmeh et al, 2005;Strong et al, 2008;Eggers et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2011Zhang et al, , 2012Seeberger et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2014;Li et al, 2014;Bobek, 2014). Generally, the navigational surgery method consists of patient computed tomographic (CT) imaging, preoperative planning, and transfer of the plan to the patient.…”

“…Generally, the navigational surgery method consists of patient computed tomographic (CT) imaging, preoperative planning, and transfer of the plan to the patient. An orthognathic tracking and guiding system was used to transfer the surgical plan to the patient more accurately (Nijmeh et al, 2005;Farrell et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2014;Li et al, 2014). However, intraoperative registration between the patient and image has increased the complexity of surgical procedures and the operative time and labor within the surgical navigation system (Li et al, 2014).…”