An integrated exposure assessment of phthalates for the general population in China based on both exposure scenario and biomonitoring estimation approaches

Yan, Chunze; Liu, Jianguo; Liu, Yang; Wang, Jie; Hao, Xuewen

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.019

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The resulting estimates (0.9 μg/g for DiBP, 2.0 μg/g for DnBP, and 81 μg/g for DEHP) are within a factor of 10 of median levels we have measured in this study for jeans that had been worn until the 10 th day of the third experiment (for DiBP, 8.9 μg/g on calf and 11.2 μg/g on thigh; for DnBP 8.8 μg/g on calf and 9.6 μg/g on thigh, and for DEHP 61 μg/g on calf and 275 μg/g on thigh). We judge the order-of-magnitude agreement between estimated and measured values to be reasonable, given the variation of phthalate concentrations in Chinese indoor air coupled with uncertainty in the partition coefficients between jeans and air. , The estimated time to accumulate equilibrium amounts of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP in the jeans via solely gas-phase transfer is 15 days, 60 days, and 2100 days, respectively (Table S11). That is, transfer directly from the gas phase alone cannot explain the phthalate levels measured in the jeans.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing

Gong

Weschler

Zhang

2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Clothing can either retard or accelerate dermal exposure to phthalates. To investigate the impact of clothing on dermal exposure to six phthalates (DMP/DEP/DiBP/DnBP/BBzP/DEHP) in real environments, two sets of experiments have been conducted: (1) Skin wipes were collected from 11 adults to examine the phthalate levels on both bare-skin (hand/forehead) and clothing-covered body locations (arm/back/calf); (2) Five adults were asked to wear just-washed jeans for 1 day (1(st) experiment), 5 days (2(nd) experiment), and 10 days (3(rd) experiment). Phthalate levels on their legs were measured on selected days during the wearing period, and phthalate levels in the jeans were measured at the end of each experiment and again after washing. Measured phthalate levels on body locations covered by clothing were lower than those on uncovered locations, but still substantial. Dermal uptake would be underestimated by a factor of 2 to 5 if absorption through body locations covered by clothing were neglected. Phthalate levels in the jeans and on the legs increased with the wearing time. However, the levels in the jeans and on the legs were not strongly correlated, indicating that other pathways, e.g, contact with bedding or bedclothes, likely contribute to the levels on the legs. The efficiency with which laundering washing removed phthalates from the jeans increased with decreasing Kow; median values ranged from very low (<5%) for DEHP to very high (∼75%) for DMP.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing

Gong

Weschler

Zhang

2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…To the organism phthalates can come through food (mostly canned or in plastics packaging), through air pollution including home dust, and also from many skin care products (10,11). In a previous study, urine phthalate excretion correlated well with the use of plastic packaging and skin care (12). However, use of phthalates in plasticizers has been significantly reduced and today mostly non-phthalate plasticizers are used (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine Levels of Phthalate Metabolites and Bisphenol A in Relation to Main Metabolic Syndrome Components: Dyslipidemia, Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. A pilot study

Piecha¹,

Svačina²,

Malý

et al. 2016

Cent Eur J Public Health

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SUMMARYAim: Human exposure to organic pollutants (some of them also called endocrine disruptors) can be associated with adverse metabolic health outcomes including type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the urine levels of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites in subgroups of patients with metabolic syndrome composed of patients with and without three important components of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes).Methods: We have investigated 24 hours urine samples of 168 patients with metabolic syndrome from the Metabolic Outpatient Department of General University Hospital in Prague. Using standard metabolic syndrome criteria, we classified patients as dyslipidemic (n = 87), hypertensive (n = 96), and type 2 diabetic (n = 58). Bisphenol A and 15 metabolites of phthalates were evaluated in relation to creatinine excretion. Samples were analysed with enzymatic cleavage of glucuronide using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in one laboratory with external quality control.Results: Four metabolites, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate showed significantly higher levels in diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, and p = 0.005, respectively). The differences remained significant after adjustment to hypertension, dyslipidemia, age, and BMI. No difference was found between either the hypertensive and non-hypertensive or dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic patients. There was no significant relation of bisphenol A level to diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, age, and BMI.Conclusions: Urine levels of four phthalate metabolites were significantly higher in type 2 diabetics independently on specified predictors. Phthalate levels can be in relation to beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients but this study was not able to show if the relation is causal.

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“…But indiscriminate usage of phthalates has contaminated the different environmental matrices (Tao et al, 2020;Weizhen et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021;Suresh and Jindal, 2022). In polyvinyl chloride plastics, rubber, cellulose, and styrene manufacturing for softness and flexibility, phthalates are documented as a primary plasticizer (Cao et al,. 2016;Gao and Wen, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal fluctuations in phthalates’ contamination in pond water: A case study

Rajput

Kumari

Sharma

et al. 2023

EJSS

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Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, reported to cause deformities and reproductive damages in animals. Numerous studies reported the presence of phthalates in water samples of rivers, wetlands, and estuaries, while the scenario in case of ponds is different, however they are reported as an integral part of biosphere. In this study, the level of phthalates’ contamination in the water samples collected from the different ponds of Amritsar district for four consecutive seasons in two years was analysed. The maximal level of phthalate contamination was found in samples collected during the monsoon season (July 2015) of first year of sampling followed by post-monsoon (October 2015) and winter season (January 2016). S8 sampling site was found to be the most phthalate contaminated site followed by S1=S11>S2=S9=S4=S5=S7>S6=S3>S10. Benzyl butyl phthalate was most abundant (found in 32% water samples) followed by di-n-butyl and dimethyl phthalate, while diallyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate were not detected. The two main drivers for these seasonal variations were observed to be temperature and precipitation. Hence, this data will be useful to explain the temporal and spatial distributions of phthalates in aquatic ecosystem, as well as to devise cost-effective ways to reduce their ecological footprints.

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An integrated exposure assessment of phthalates for the general population in China based on both exposure scenario and biomonitoring estimation approaches

Cited by 21 publications

References 49 publications

Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing

Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing

Urine Levels of Phthalate Metabolites and Bisphenol A in Relation to Main Metabolic Syndrome Components: Dyslipidemia, Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. A pilot study

Seasonal fluctuations in phthalates’ contamination in pond water: A case study

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