An integrated analytical approach to diagnose the conservation state of building materials of a palace house in the metropolitan Bilbao (Basque Country, North of Spain)

Martínez‐Arkarazo, Irantzu; Angulo, Manuel Pombo; Bartolomé, L.; Etxebarria, Néstor; Olazabal, María Ángeles; Madariaga, Juan Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.046

Cited by 65 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The results showed that PAHs with 4 and 5 rings, namely fluoranthene (16% of ΣPAHs) and benzo[b+ j]fluoranthene (15%) were among the most abundant compounds, being followed by pyrene (13%) and dibenz[a, h]anthracene (8%). In total, PAHs with 4 rings accounted for approximately 40% of ΣPAHs whereas 45% of ΣPAHs were compounds with 5-6 rings; these findings were in agreement with a previous study published by Martínez-Arkarazo et al [21] concerning a non-granitic palace house situated in the metropolitan area of Bilbao (Spain). PAHs with 2-3 rings accounted in general for less than 1% of ΣPAHs.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessments Of Pm and Pahssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Typically, the damage layers result from the deposition of both organic and inorganic pollutants [16,17] that are transferred to the respective surfaces by both dry and wet processes [18,19]. The effects of deposition processes may consist in blackening of the monument façades; the wet and dry depositions are often combined with gypsum crystal growth resulting in formation of a hard, gray to black crusts, in which airborne organic pollutants and a wide range of particulate matter (including dust, pollen, and spores) are entrapped in the mineral matrix [18,20,21]. Air pollution impacts can have permanent consequences that can lead to potential losses of these irreplaceable structures forever.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications

Slezáková

Castro

Begonha

et al. 2011

Microchemical Journal

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A B S T R A C TAir pollution represents a serious risk not only to environment and human health, but also to historical heritage. In this study, air pollution of the Oporto Metropolitan Area and its main impacts were characterized. The results showed that levels of CO, PM10 and SO2 have been continuously decreasing in the respective metropolitan area while levels of NOx and NO2 have not changed significantly. Traffic emissions were the main source of the determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 16 PAHs considered by U.S. EPA as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) in air of the respective metropolitan area. The mean concentration of 18 PAHs in air was 69.9±39.7 ng m−3 with 3-4 rings PAHs accounting for 75% of the total ΣPAHs. The health risk analysis of PAHs in air showed that the estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks considerably exceeded the health-based guideline level. Analytical results also confirm that historical monuments in urban areas act as passive repositories for air pollutants present in the surrounding atmosphere. FTIR and EDX analyses showed that gypsum was the most important constituent of black crusts of the characterized historical monument Monastery of Serra do Pilar classified as "UNESCO World Cultural Heritage". In black crusts, 4-6 rings compounds accounted approximately for 85% of ΣPAHs. The diagnostic ratios confirmed that traffic emissions were the major source of PAHs in black crusts; PAH composition profiles were very similar for crusts and PM10 and PM2.5.

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Section: Health Risk Assessments Of Pm and Pahssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications

Slezáková

Castro

Begonha

et al. 2011

Microchemical Journal

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“…Analysis of original composition and degradation products of the limestone and the sandstones from the facades of one historical building of Spain showed the presence of carbon particles, gypsum (CaSO 4 ⋅2H 2 O), and some nitrate compounds (Martınez-Arkarazo et al 2007). Chloride and sulfates are not significant soluble salts in the facades of the building, but the amount of nitrate is high in some of the most deteriorated samples and even higher in black crusts.…”

Section: Crusts Formed On Limestone and Mortars Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Air Pollution and Humidity on Limestone Materials Degradation in Historical Buildings Located in Cities Under Tropical Coastal Climates

Corvo

Reyes

Valdés

et al. 2009

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Climatic changes and the increased air pollution intensify the atmospheric degradation of stone, affecting the aspect and integrity of valuable historical buildings constructed using limestone and located in tropical coastal sites. This paper analyzes limestone degradation process due to air pollution and humidity in tropical humid conditions in historical buildings located in the cities of Havana, Cuba and San Francisco de Campeche, Mexico. Havana shows higher pollution level than San Francisco de Campeche, which presents pollution levels as a consequence of a multipollutant situation along with the presence of airborne salinity. Temperature and humidity data were recorded from the walls of historical buildings in the city of Havana: the Minor Basilica and the convent of San Francisco. Changes in dry/wet cycles due to the absence of direct sun radiation as well as a high level of SO 2 allow the formation of a black crust (mainly composed of gypsum) in the lower part of the surface of the facade of the Basilica Minor in Havana; however, crusts formed in historical buildings located in San Francisco de Campeche City are mainly composed of calcium carbonate, indicating the importance of natural degradation mechanisms mainly due to dissolution in water. In the last case, the influence of water plays an important role in the development of biodegradation, which induces the formation of calcium oxalates. Caves and cracks were found in the walls of military buildings caused by water infiltration. The influence of air contamination, humidity, and construction materials determine the type of degradation that historical buildings undergo.

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“…5 The most common products referred as constituents of such black crusts are soot and gypsum, both showing enough Raman scattering so as to give measurable signals, even in samples showing high fluorescence as a consequence of the organic matter of the crust. As an example, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ion chromatography applied to aqueous extracts obtained from solid samples after performing a test to extract soluble salts. 5 The products formed as a consequence of the acid attack of greenhouse and combustion acid gases on materials of Built Heritage are metallic oxoanions, 6 all of which practically show medium or high Raman scattering. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy can be one of the best analytical tools to detect such compounds because it can (1) differentiate Table 1 where principal characteristic bands of the degradation products and pollutants cited in this work are summarised), (2) distinguish among different hydration states of the same compound (gypsum vs anhydrite) and (3) even discriminate among different cations bound to the nitrate or sulfate, owing to the different shifts in the main stretching bands of such anions as a function of the bound cation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to diagnose the impacts of combustion and greenhouse acid gases on properties of Built Heritage

Sarmiento

Maguregui

Martínez‐Arkarazo

et al. 2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The effects of the dry and wet acid deposition from both combustion and greenhouse gases (mainly CO 2 , SO x and NO x ) can be observed in the stones, mortars, bricks and decorative materials used in Built Heritage elements. Those deposition phenomena have greater effects in urban atmospheres, especially in medium or highly polluted ones. Most of the products formed as a consequence of decaying are alkaline and alkaline-earth oxoanions, which show, in general, a medium or high Raman scattering. The coupling of the experimental evidence (the detection of some metal-oxoanionic compounds by Raman spectroscopy) with the knowledge of chemical equilibrium is presented in this work as a tool to diagnose the impacts of CO 2 , SO x and NO x on the properties of Built Heritage. The compounds identified by Raman spectroscopy on different materials sampled in buildings of the Metropolitan Bilbao area (North Spain) included nitrocalcite, nitratine, nitromagnesite, nitrobarite as well as gypsum and soot as part of the black crust on carbonate-based materials, whereas calcite, natron, nitratine and mirabillite were recognised as composition of the white efflorescence in non-carbonate materials and mortars. An overall degradation pathway is proposed to explain the formation of each decayed compound as a function of the original characteristic material.

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An integrated analytical approach to diagnose the conservation state of building materials of a palace house in the metropolitan Bilbao (Basque Country, North of Spain)

Cited by 65 publications

References 33 publications

Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications

Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications

Influence of Air Pollution and Humidity on Limestone Materials Degradation in Historical Buildings Located in Cities Under Tropical Coastal Climates

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to diagnose the impacts of combustion and greenhouse acid gases on properties of Built Heritage

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