An integrated 0D/1D/3D numerical framework to predict performance, emissions, knock and heat transfer in ICEs fueled with NH3–H2 mixtures: The conversion of a marine Diesel engine as case study

The maritime industry needs sustainable, low-emission fuels to reduce the environmental impact. Ammonia is one of the most promising alternative fuels because it can be produced from renewable energy, such as wind and solar. Furthermore, ammonia combustion does not emit carbon. This review article covers the advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel. We start by discussing the regulations and environmental concerns of the shipping sector, which is responsible for around 2% to 3% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. These emissions may increase as the maritime industry grows at a compound annual growth rate of 4.33%. Next, we analyze the use of ammonia as a fuel in detail, which presents several challenges. These challenges include the high price of ammonia compared to other fossil fuels, the low reactivity and high toxicity of ammonia, NOx, and N2O emissions resulting from incomplete combustion, an inefficient process, and NH3 slipping. However, we emphasize how to overcome these challenges. We discuss techniques to reduce NOx and N2O emissions, co-combustion to improve reactivity, waste heat recovery strategies, the regulatory framework, and safety conditions. Finally, we address the market trends and challenges of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel.

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Proposal and Validation of 3D-CFD Framework for Ultra-Lean Hydrogen Combustion in ICEs

Sfriso,

Berni,

Breda

et al. 2024

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent months, the increasing debate within the European Union to review the ban on internal combustion engines has led to the pursuit of environmentally neutral solutions for ICEs, as an attempt to promote greater economic and social sustainability. Interest in internal combustion engines remains strong to uphold the principle of technological neutrality. In this perspective, the present paper proposes a numerical methodology for 3D-CFD in-cylinder simulations of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. The combustion modelling relies on G-equation formulation, along with Damköhler and Verhelst turbulent and laminar flame speeds, respectively. Numerical simulations are validated with in-cylinder pressure traces and images of chemiluminescent hydrogen flames captured through the piston of a single-cylinder optical spark-ignition engine. To mitigate the uncertainties related to the modeling of mixture stratification and injection, hydrogen is port-injected and continuously supplied into the intake pipe to ensure mixture homogeneity. Therefore, the main challenge in this study is represented by an accurate characterization of the combustion propagation, which is the key element in the validation of the computational framework. In this regard, a remarkable alignment between simulations and experiments is achieved in terms of pressure traces and flame imaging, evidencing the model’s capabilities. The validation is carried out at different equivalence ratios, demonstrating the reliability of the numerical framework to consistently reproduce results without the need for case-by-case adjustments.</div></div>

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An integrated 0D/1D/3D numerical framework to predict performance, emissions, knock and heat transfer in ICEs fueled with NH3–H2 mixtures: The conversion of a marine Diesel engine as case study

Cited by 3 publications

References 116 publications

A comparative study on NH3/H2 and NH3/CH3OH combustion and emission in an optical SI engine

A comparative study on NH3/H2 and NH3/CH3OH combustion and emission in an optical SI engine

Advancements and Challenges of Ammonia as a Sustainable Fuel for the Maritime Industry

Proposal and Validation of 3D-CFD Framework for Ultra-Lean Hydrogen Combustion in ICEs

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