An Insight on Salting‐out Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Phytoanalysis

Valente, Inês M.; Moreira, Manuela M.; Neves, Pâmela; Fé, Thiago da; Gonçalves, Luís Moreira; Almeida, Paulo Joaquim; Rodrigues, José A.

doi:10.1002/pca.2676

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the literature both water [ 15 ], acidified water [ 11 – 14 , 16 , 17 ] and methanol [ 10 ] were used to extract khat alkaloids using ultrasonic assisted extraction, maceration and others. Secondly, in QueChERS and salting out assisted liquid–liquid extraction, these two solvents have also been reported as extraction solvents together with acetonitrile [ 19 – 23 ]. It was clearly stated that acidic condition could stabilize cathinone during extraction hence most authors argue that acid condition is more preferable to extract khat alkaloids [ 14 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method is a simultaneous extraction and cleanup technique that required less time and solvent [ 18 , 19 ]. The salting-out effect results in biphasic systems in mixtures composed of water and water-miscible organic solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The salting-out effect results in biphasic systems in mixtures composed of water and water-miscible organic solvents. In the presence of salt, the two phases can be completely distinguished in which the upper phase is mainly composed of the organic solvent [ 19 ]. It has been successfully used for the extraction and purification of a variety of chemicals, including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics, and veterinary drugs in a wide range of matrices [ 20 – 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been successfully used for the extraction and purification of a variety of chemicals, including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics, and veterinary drugs in a wide range of matrices [ 20 – 22 ]. So far few papers have been reported on the use of SALLE for extraction and clean-up of natural products (isoflavones, phenolic acids and others) from plants [ 19 , 23 ]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no other studies were reported to apply this technique for extraction of alkaloids from khat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparative HPLC for large scale isolation, and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction based method for HPLC–DAD determination of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) alkaloids

Atlabachew

Chandravanshi

Redi‐Abshiro

2017

Chemistry Central Journal

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BackgroundKhat (Catha edulis Forsk) is an evergreen shrub of the Celastraceae family. It is widely cultivated in Yemen and East Africa, where its fresh leaves are habitually chewed for their momentary pleasures and stimulation as amphetamine-like effects. The main psychostimulant constituents of khat are the phenylpropylamino alkaloids: cathinone, cathine and norephedrine.ResultsIn this study, simple procedures based on preparative HPLC and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) based methods were developed respectively for large scale isolation and the extraction of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids; cathinone, cathine and norephedrine, from khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves, a stimulant and drug of abuse plant. The three khat alkaloids were directly isolated from the crude oxalate salt by preparative HPLC–DAD method with purity > 98%. In addition, a modified (SALLE) method has been developed and evaluated for the extraction efficiency of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids from khat (Catha edulis Forsk) chewing leaves. An in situ two steps extraction protocol was followed without dispersive SPE clean up. The method involves extraction of the samples with 1% HAc and QuEChERS salt (1.0 g of CH3COONa and 6.0 g of MgSO4) followed by subsequent in situ liquid–liquid partitioning by adding ethyl acetate and NaOH solution. The optimized method allowed recoveries of 80–86% for the three alkaloids from khat sample with relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 15% and limits of detection (0.85–1.9 μg/mL).ConclusionThe method was found to be simple, cost-effective and provides cleaner chromatogram with good selectivity and reproducibility. The SALLE based protocol provided as good results as the conventional extraction method (ultrasonic assisted extraction followed by solid phase extraction, UAE–SPE) and hence the method can be applicable in forensic and biomedical sectors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0337-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Preparative HPLC for large scale isolation, and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction based method for HPLC–DAD determination of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) alkaloids

Atlabachew

Chandravanshi

Redi‐Abshiro

2017

Chemistry Central Journal

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“…The salting-out has been largely applied in sample preparation processes (Chen et al, 2019), and one of its variations is SALLE (Matkovich & Christian, 1973;Valente et al, 2013), also commonly termed as 'saltinduced phase separation' (Kole et al, 2011). Although it is not a novel concept, it has gained momentum in the last decade (Kole et al, 2011;Valente et al, 2017;Tighrine et al, 2019). In this work, it was evaluated the applicability of the SALLE methodology with simultaneous derivatisation with DNS-Cl for the determination of the BA content in solid samples as, up until now, SALLE combination with DNS-Cl, or even 1-naphthylisothiocyanate, had been solely applied with liquid samples (Ramos et al, 2014;Jain et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with dansyl chloride for the determination of biogenic amines in food

Francisco

Brandão

Ramos

et al. 2019

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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Biogenic amines (BAs) are compounds present in foodstuff of animal origin that not only can be harmful to the consumer but can also serve as indicators of the product's edibility status. However, BAs' analysis is rather complicated. Derivatisation methods have been employed to make their analysis less challenging. Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) was herein applied to decrease time that the derivatising agent dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) requires to be effective. DNS-Cl derivates were separated and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection (HPLC-UV/ FD). It was by this way possible to analyse methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, b-phenylethylamine, isopentylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine in a straightforward manner in several fish-based and meat-based samples, obtaining results in the order of magnitude of about a few mg per kg. All calibrations curves had r 2 higher than 0.99, and limits of detection ranged from 0.0075 to 1.6 mg L À1 .

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Rapid and simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in green coffee bean extract

Atlabachew

Abebe

Wubieneh

et al. 2021

Food Science & Nutrition

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Among the various agricultural outputs, coffee is one of the most popularly consumed beverage worldwide. Consequently, it has taken a significant market share in the World market and more than 121 countries are exporting coffee to different countries (http://www.ecea.org.et/uk/). Analysis of caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid levels in green coffee is vital for the coffee industry because they have a paramount effect on the overall quality of the brewed coffee and coffee products (de Maria et al., 1995). When coffee is roasted, most of the aroma and flavor are originated from trigonelline and chlorogenic acids (Heo et al., 2020;de Maria et al., 1995). Even though caffeine is unaffected during the roasting process, it is directly linked with its pharmacological effects (de Maria et al., 1995;. Hence the quality of green coffee beans is directly related to the composition of these constitu-

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An Insight on Salting‐out Assisted Liquid–Liquid Extraction for Phytoanalysis

Abstract: HPLC and GC analysis of the extracts showed that it is possible to isolate, in only one step, a wide range of compounds with distinct properties, allowing a detailed phytochemical analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Preparative HPLC for large scale isolation, and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction based method for HPLC–DAD determination of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) alkaloids

Preparative HPLC for large scale isolation, and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction based method for HPLC–DAD determination of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) alkaloids

Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with dansyl chloride for the determination of biogenic amines in food

Rapid and simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in green coffee bean extract

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