An Insight into the Polymeric Nanoparticles Applications in Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of chronic metabolic disease that has affected millions of people worldwide and is known with a defect in the amount of insulin secretion, insulin functions, or both. This deficiency leads to an increase in the amounts of glucose, which could be accompanied by long-term damages to other organs such as eyes, kidneys, heart, and nervous system. Thus, introducing an appropriate approach for diagnosis and treatment of different types of DM is the aim of several researches. By the emergence of nanotechnology and its application in medicine, new approaches were presented for these purposes. The object of this review article is to introduce different types of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), as one of the most important classes of nanoparticles, for diabetic management. To achieve this goal, at first, some of the conventional therapeutic and diagnostic methods of DM will be reviewed. Then, different types of PNPs, in two forms of natural and synthetic polymers with different properties, as a new method for DM treatment and diagnosis will be introduced. In the next section, the transport mechanisms of these types of nano-carriers across the epithelium, via paracellular and transcellular pathways will be explained. Finally, the clinical use of PNPs in the treatment and diagnosis of DM will be summarized. Based on the results of this literature review, PNPs could be considered one of the most promising methods for DM management.

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“…Along with the nanoparticles, a number of enzyme inhibitors (protease) are administered to block the function of such enzymes. In the presence of protease inhibitors (such as glycerrizin, capric acid, deoxycholic acid, hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin and aprotinin), Radwan and Aboul-Enein assert that oral administration of insulin-loaded poly (ethylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles effectively lowers and maintains blood glucose levels of 200 mg/dL (i.e., the typical blood glucose level after a meal) 19,20 . Utilizing cationic metal chelating compounds, like diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), is another strategy for decreasing enzymatic activity.…”