An Insight into ACE2 Expression Associated Complexities of COVID-19 and the Possible Vaccine Strategies to Control Viral Entry into Host Cells

Abstract

The first detected COVID-19 virus in China in late December 2019, has now spread to over 200 countries and territories across the globe. As it is a novel virus, in course of time, new symptoms and new complexities in patients have arisen, which demand immediate attention. This ambiguous, fast mutating nature and strain variations of SARS CoV2 have hindered the way of vaccine development. However, recognizing this new virus as a member of coronavidae family and its similarity with previously prevailed SARS-Cov virus has advantages in order for its further characterization and identification of the route of entry. Hence, this review aims at providing an overview of the viral entry pathway and explaining the reasons behind the vulnerability of an individual based on his/her age, sex, weight, other existing diseases and genetic make-up. It will also try to explicate various newly emerged symptoms of COVID-19 from the perspective of cytokinin storm theory. Furthermore, it summarizes all the therapeutic strategies based on preventing virus entry, some of which are already developed or under trial or yet confined in theory using currently published literature, scientific reports and research articles about SARS-CoV2. This review will help better understand the COVID-19 complicacies with latest concepts on therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV2.

Potential COVID‐19 therapeutic approaches targeting angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2; An updated review

“…Nersisyan S, et al, Applied the same approach and realized that KDM5B gene encoding lysine-specific demethylase 5B (JARID1B), can repress transcription of hsa-mir-141/hsa-miR-200 and hsa-let-7e/hsa-mir-125a miRNA families, hence, indirectly affecting ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and impeding virus entry into the host cell. 137,138 MicroRNAs low expression rate allows increased susceptibility to infection while their specific, highly expressed immune response genes can protect the lungs against the viral infection. By investigating miRNAs' role in the host interface with SARS-CoV-2, valuable insights can be provided in detecting promising molecular therapeutic targets to control the pathogenesis ability of SARS-CoV-2.…”

“…This is done by binding to the target mRNA at the 3′ untranslated regions (3′‐UTR) that lead to degradation or translational downregulation of the target. Nersisyan S, et al., Applied the same approach and realized that KDM5B gene encoding lysine‐specific demethylase 5B (JARID1B), can repress transcription of hsa‐mir‐141/hsa‐miR‐200 and hsa‐let‐7e/hsa‐mir‐125a miRNA families, hence, indirectly affecting ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression and impeding virus entry into the host cell 137,138 …”