An Insight into a Sustainable Removal of Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solution by Novel Palm Kernel Shell Magnetically Induced Biochar: Synthesis, Characterization, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Abstract

Recently Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the persistent trace hazardous estrogenic contaminants in the environment, that can trigger a severe threat to humans and environment even at minuscule concentrations. Thus, this work focused on the synthesis of neat and magnetic biochar (BC) as a sustainable and inexpensive adsorbent to remove BPA from aqueous environment. Novel magnetic biochar was efficiently synthesized by utilizing palm kernel shell, using ferric chloride and ferrous chloride as magnetic medium via chemical co-precipitation technique. In this experimental study, the influence of operating factors comprising contact time (20–240 min), pH (3.0–12.0), adsorbent dose (0.2–0.8 g), and starting concentrations of BPA (8.0–150 ppm) were studied in removing BPA during batch adsorption system using neat biochar and magnetic biochar. It was observed that the magnetically loaded BC demonstrates superior maximum removal efficiency of BPA with 94.2%, over the neat biochar. The functional groups (FTIR), Zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), surface and textural properties (BET), surface morphology, and mineral constituents (FESEM/EDX), and chemical composition (XRD) of the adsorbents were examined. The experimental results demonstrated that the sorption isotherm and kinetics were suitably described by pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich model, respectively. By studying the adsorption mechanism, it was concluded that π-π electron acceptor–donor interaction (EAD), hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond were the principal drives for the adsorption of BPA onto the neat BC and magnetic BC.

A porous bentonite–coconut husk composite for the enhanced adsorption of selected emerging contaminants from aqueous solution

“…This increase in adsorption could be attributed to the hydrophobicity of ciprofloxacin which suppressed electrostatic interactions. 38 Furthermore, ciprofloxacin is anionic at a pH higher than 9, whereas the adsorbent is negatively charged. Hydrophobic character is lowered with the formation of anions, and adsorption will be reduced at alkaline pH.…”

Purification of drinking water from dissolved Bisphenol A (BPA) using zinc oxide nanoparticles

“…The early stage ZnO surface featured a large number of accessible active sites, which may have enhanced the rapid adsorption process. As the equilibrium was approaching, the sorption reduced in the later stages as these surface sites were gradually filled (Djebri et al, 2020;Katibi et al, 2021;El-Nahas et al, 2020). According to other studies, phenolic compounds had the same impact on graphene oxide (Wang, X. et al, 2018).…”

“…In contrast, the surface of ZnO NPs becomes negatively charged in alkaline conditions (PZC > 7.3), as demonstrated in Figure 14. Furthermore, BPA's pKa value is between (9.5 and 10) and produces the ionic species BPA 2and BPA -, which increases electrostatic repulsion and makes BPA removal difficult in basic medium (Katibi et al, 2021).…”

Research Progress of Methods for Degradation of Bisphenol A

“…Additionally, Katibi et al synthesized a novel magnetic biochar derived from palm kernel shells for BPA removal, achieving a maximum removal rate of 94.2%. Moreover, the primary mechanisms governing BPA's adsorption on the magnetic biochar were identified as π-π electron acceptor-donor interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding [92].…”