An Input–output Analysis of Trends in Virtual Water Trade and the Impact on Water Resources and Uses in China

Input-occupancy-output analysis of industrial wastewater discharge coefficients and backward and forward linkages: Multi-regional occupancy

“…In addition to the literature on IOO analysis, the methodological issues involved in IO technology, such as aggregation issues [41,42] , imports assumptions [43] , exports assumptions [44,45] , and inter-regional feedback effects [46] , have been discussed in recent publications. Zhang, et al [47] published a recent water study using China's provincial data from 2002 and 2007.…”

“…The current paper, which focuses on Chinese industrial wastewater discharge, is most relevant to two previous papers regarding utilization of China's water resources [40,47] , but there are some differences between them. Firstly, the paper by Chen, et al [40] used single regional IOO data, and the paper by Zhang, et al [47] used Chinese provincial IO data from 2002 and 2007, which are also single regional IO data.…”

“…Firstly, the paper by Chen, et al [40] used single regional IOO data, and the paper by Zhang, et al [47] used Chinese provincial IO data from 2002 and 2007, which are also single regional IO data. The division of China into nine river basins was based on natural water systems in the paper by Chen, et al [40] , while the division of China into four major economic plates (Western, Eastern, Northwestern and Central China) in this paper is based on the administrative provinces proposed by the Development Research Center of the State Council.…”

“…Therefore, this paper applies multi-regional IOO data. Secondly, the papers by Chen, et al [40] and Zhang, et al [47] focus on water input per unit of economic output from the perspective of natural resource utilization, while this paper focuses on industrial wastewater discharge of per unit of economic output from the perspective of environmental pollution emissions. In addition, the industrial sector obviously has more fixedasset occupations, such as machinery and buildings, than other sectors do.…”

An Extended Input Output Table Compiled for Analyzing Water Demand and Consumption at County Level in China

“…Though there have been a number of respectable research and international negotiations on natural resource utilization for supporting economic development demand at the national level [10], there are still few studies at the regional level. For example, Zhang (2011) did quantitative research on water usage in Beijing, and Titze (2011) did qualitative research on the industrial cluster in Germany through inter-regional and intra-regional analysis among basic prefectures [11,12]. This paper attempts to propose a hybrid methodology of compiling a water resource extended IO table at the county level for regional economic-resource analysis.…”