An Innovative Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Measurement Method Using Peak Time Sequences of Different Frequencies—Part II: Implementation

An innovative ultrasonic time of flight method based on extended Kalman filter for wind speed measurement

“…These techniques aim to overcome the fact that the noise and the transient response of receiving signal varies with time of flight changes what makes difficult the location of the beginning in received ultrasound signal. Furthermore, techniques that estimate the time of flight based on phase difference between transmitter and receiver restrict the measuring range to one signal cycle [2,7,8,13,16,17].…”

“…Measuring techniques based on ultrasonic transducers turned out to be an effective tool for industrial applications and in technical or scientific laboratories, establishing non-invasive measurement processes. Using these techniques, among the possible estimated variables are the measurement of level, distance, volume and fluid velocity [1,2]. Specifically, measurement of fluid velocity using ultrasonic transducers can be done based on the principles of Doppler or time difference methods.…”

“…This measurement principle has desirable characteristics in industrial environments, being robust in scenarios with high noise level, capable of performing measurements with low uncertainty, fast response time and minimal maintenance. The accuracy and stability of the transit time estimation are affected by the interference of the medium and the propagation of uncertainties caused by variations in temperature [2,[4][5][6][7][8].…”

Improvement of gas ultrasonic flowmeter measurement non‐linearity based on ray tracing method

“…is bulk mean velocity averaged over the cross-section of pipe. It can be calculated by (7). D is pipe diameter and n is kinematic viscosity of gas.…”

“…Besides, greater flow turbulence and noises are usually superimposed on ultrasound signals, which add the difficulty of accurate measuring transit time and reduce the stability of measurement. In this aspect, many scholars have done a lot of useful work to improve measurement accuracy of gas ultrasonic flowmeters, such as hardware design optimisation [5][6][7], digital signal processing method [8][9][10][11] and so on.…”