“…60° was the drilling angle, according to previous studies assuming the highest primary stability was measured when the insertion angle was between 60° and 70° [ 16 , 17 ]. The primary stability was measured by measuring the pullout force (POF) of each mini-implant while they are withdrawn by Universal Testing Machine device [ 18 , 19 ]. These results show that the primary stability in each brand increases while their sizes are increasing, having the highest (POF) in the largest size (diameter and length), which is (1.8 × 10) for GNI and OSTEONIC, and (1.5 × 10) for MORELLI.…”