“…Furthermore, the TQM index, which was developed by Sadikoglu and Zehir [3], was used as a composite variable of TQM practices. We adopted the items of the questionnaires of Ahire and Ravichandran [58] [65], Tari et al [42], and Zu et al [37] for both the TQM and performance measurements. The items of the questionnaires of Anderson et al [66], De Cerio [67], Flynn et al [68], Fuentes-Fuentes et al [69], Saraph et al [70], and Taveira et al [71] were adopted for the TQM items, and the items of the questionnaires of Benson et al [72], Kannan and Tan [50], and Terziovski et al [53] were used for the performance measurement items.…”