An indole-based conjugated microporous polymer: a new and stable lithium storage anode with high capacity and long life induced by cation–π interactions and a N-rich aromatic structure

Abstract

An indole-based conjugated microporous polymer, poly(bisindolylmaleimide) (PBIM), with superior electrochemical performance as an anode material for LIBs has been obtained by FeCl3-promoted oxidative coupling polymerization.

Exploiting Polythiophenyl‐Triazine‐Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer with Superior Lithium‐Storage Performance

“…Figure a displays the cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the TzThBT anode at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s −1 with an operating voltage from 0.005 to 3 V (vs. Li + /Li). A strong cathodic peak at 0.3–1.2 V was observed during the first cathodic scanning, which is mainly ascribed to the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the electrode–electrolyte interface . This strong cathodic peak disappeared in the following cycles, demonstrating that the formed SEI film in the first cycle is stable and prevents the further decomposition of electrolytes in the following cycles.…”

“…Even at an enhanced current rate of 5000 mA g −1 , TzThBT could still show a Li + storage capacity of 326 mAh g −1 after 1500 cycles (Figure b), implying the excellent cyclability for long‐term application. Compared with some other reported organic porous polymer anodes, the TzThBT anode also shows a much higher Li + storage capacity at various current rates, especially at a high current rate of 5000 mA g −1 (Figure c), demonstrating the superior rate performance of the TzThBT electrode.…”

“… Cycling stability and coulombic efficiency of TzThBT at (a) 500 mA g −1 and (b) 5000 mA g −1 . (c) Comparison of Li + storage capability of TzThBT and previously reported porous polymer anodes for LIBs (PDCzBT, PTTE, E‐SNW‐1/CNT, PBIM, PDASA, NGA‐CMP400, IISERP‐CON1).…”

A reversible, colorimetric, pH-responsive indole-based hydrogel and its application in urea detection

“…[16][17][18][19] There is a considerable interest in developing responsive hydrogels using noncovalent bonding, such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effect, and cation-p interactions. [20][21][22][23] Cation-p interaction, a noncovalent interaction between an electron-rich p aromatic system (e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (Trp)) and a positively charged cation (e.g., Na + and K + ), has received considerable attention, due to their vital roles in many research areas, including biology, organic synthesis, and molecular recognition. 22,23 Indole, the side-chain substituent of Trp, is a versatile reactive material for cation-p interaction.…”

A novel indole-based conjugated microporous polymer for highly effective removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution via double cation–π interactions

“…Compared with adjusting the pore parameters and surface area, according to the recent research results, the incorporation of some specic functional groups or heteroatoms into the microporous framework to improve the heavy metals binding affinity has been revealed to be a simple and effective method to enhance the heavy metals adsorption capacity and efficiency. 27,28 As a typical aromatic compound, indole possesses more rich electronic structure than general aromatic structure, [29][30][31][32][33] which makes it more easily to form cation-p interaction with cations. Chang et al has found that the 4-hydroxyindole-formaldehyde aerogel (4-HIFA) containing hydroxyl and electron-rich indole ring possessed strong affinity for heavy metals via the synergistic effects of complexation and cation-p interactions, 34 however, the single cation-p interaction means that one indole plane can only attract one heavy metal and the additional functional groups would consume the occupied volume of the porous frameworks, leading to less improvement in the heavy metal adsorption capacities for these indole-based porous materials with multi-functional groups.…”