“…This paper argues that the study of Appalachian serpent handling should go beyond the seminal contributions of Hood and colleagues (see Hood, 1998Hood, , 2010Hood & Kimbrough, 1995;Hood, Hill, & Williamson, 2005;Hood & Williamson, 2008;2021;Williamson & Hood, 2015;Williamson, Pollio, & Hood, 2000) by engaging with cognitive theories of religion and ritual. In particular, we will employ with Boyer andLienard's (2006, 2008) model of ritualized behavior and engage critically with research on the social functions of ritual (Fischer & Xygalatas, 2014;Hobson, Schroeder, Risen, Xygalatas, & Inzlicht, 2017;Konvalinka, et al, 2011;Watson-Jones & Legare, 2016;Whitehouse, 2004;Xygalatas et al, 2013).…”