An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament strain induced by quadriceps and hamstrings forces

Draganich, Louis F.; Vahey, James W.

doi:10.1002/jor.1100080107

Cited by 231 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Durselen et al [7] reported that at 140 N quadriceps load, the ACL strain (2.5%) was at its maximum at about 25°flexion. Draganich and Vahey [8] also reported a similar observation. All of the above observations are under static conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

An Alternative Mechanism of Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury During Jump-landing: In-vitro Simulation

et al. 2007

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In the United States, an estimated 100,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur every year. Despite decades of research, to this date, the mechanism or mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries are not well understood. This is primarily because trials cannot be conducted on live subjects to understand the injury mechanism, and it is difficult to instrument a live human knee to measure the response of tissues during dynamic activities. In this paper, we present a dynamic knee injury simulator capable of in-vitro modeling of the ACL injury during jump-landing activity. This system was used to simulate jump-landing on cadaveric knees and to successfully test which conditions would result in isolated ACL injury. A restricted flexion of the hip (a hip that flexes minimally or not at all during landing), combined with low quadriceps and hamstring force levels during landing were found to be conducive to ACL injury. Elevated levels of quadriceps force prevented the injury from occurring even under restricted hip flexion conditions. The measured strain rates in the ACL tissue during injury causing activities were over 250%/s.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

An Alternative Mechanism of Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury During Jump-landing: In-vitro Simulation

et al. 2007

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“…Consequently, prediction of the antagonist moment should take into consideration the effects of muscle length on the antagonist EMG and moment capacity of the hamstrings. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that the hamstring antagonist function is particularly important for knee joint stability at some angles (towards knee extension) compared to other parts of the movement (Draganich and Vahey 1990;Hirokawa et al 1992;More et al 1993;Solomonow et al 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There are several factors responsible for these observations. Previous studies have indicated that the hamstrings act synergistically with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to stabilize the joint and protect the ACL and other passive joint structures from injury (Draganich and Vahey 1990;Solomonow et al 1987;Yasuda and Sasaki 1987). If this is the case, then the similar antagonist values in children and adults may be attributed to the finding that the ACL is equally strong to stabilize the knee joint in both children and adults (Micheli and Coady 1997).…”

Section: Prediction Of Antagonist Momentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Antagonist moment of force during maximal knee extension in pubertal boys: effects of quadriceps fatigue

Kellis

2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The examination of the moment exerted by the hamstrings during maximum isokinetic knee extensor tests is useful when comparing isokinetic strength and muscle activity patterns between children and adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of antagonist moment of the hamstrings on the isokinetic moment of the knee extensors in pubertal children and to determine whether this effect is altered following a fatigue task. Eighteen healthy pubertal males [age 14.3 (0.5) years] performed 34 maximal isokinetic concentric efforts of the knee extensors at 60 degrees.s(-1). The average moment of force and electromyographic (aEMG) signal of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) at 11-30 degrees, 31-50 degrees, 51-70 degrees and 71-90 degrees of knee flexion were calculated for each repetition. The hamstrings antagonist moment was determined before and after the fatigue task by fitting the aEMG-moment relationship at different levels of muscle effort using second-degree polynomials. The percentage contribution of the antagonist moment to the resultant joint moment ranged from 7.1 % to 60.4 % throughout the range of motion, with the highest percentage observed close to full knee extension (11-30 degrees). The antagonist effect was significantly greater during concentric tests of the knee extensors compared to the corresponding eccentric tests ( p<0.05). Following the fatigue test, there was an overall decline of the resultant joint moment, but no changes in the predicted hamstrings moment were observed. These results indicate that when testing maximal knee extensor isokinetic strength in pubertal boys, activity of the hamstrings implies a reduction of the net extensor moment as compared to the isolated capacity of the knee extensors. However, this antagonist effect is not altered following the performance of an isokinetic fatigue knee extension task.

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“…It is suggested that mechanoreceptors in the ACL are excitated and that, by means of a ligament-muscle reflex loop, the hamstring muscle is activated to maintain joint stability [32]. Co-contraction of the hamstring muscle at these angles decreases the anteriorly directed shear of the tibia [8,9,19,27,31] and thus reduces the strain on the ACL [9,19,27,33]. As the anterior displacement occurs mainly in the range of 15-45 knee flexion (where 0 is full extension) [14], it might be expected that antagonist activity would vary with knee angle with the highest antagonist activity toward full extension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of antagonist muscle fatigue on knee extension torque

Beltman

Sargeant

Ball

et al. 2003

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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The effect of hamstring fatigue on knee extension torque was examined at different knee angles for seven male subjects. Before and after a dynamic flexion fatigue protocol (180 degrees s(-1), until dynamic torque had declined by 50%), maximal voluntary contraction extension torque was measured at four knee flexion angles (90 degrees, 70 degrees, 50 degrees and 30 degrees ). Maximal torque generating capacity and voluntary activation of the quadriceps muscle were determined using electrical stimulation. Average rectified EMG of the biceps femoris was determined. Mean dynamic flexion torque declined by 48+/-11%. Extensor maximal voluntary contraction torque, maximal torque generating capacity, voluntary activation and average rectified EMG at the four knee angles were unaffected by the hamstring fatigue protocol. Only at 50 degrees knee angle was voluntary activation significantly lower (15.7%) after fatigue ( P<0.05). In addition, average rectified EMG before fatigue was not significantly influenced by knee angle. It was concluded that a fatigued hamstring muscle did not increase the maximal voluntary contraction extension torque and knee angle did not change coactivation. Three possible mechanisms may explain the results: a potential difference in recruited fibre populations in antagonist activity compared with the fibres which were fatigued in the protocol, a smaller loss in isometric torque generating capacity of the hamstring muscle than was expected from the dynamic measurements and/or a reduction in voluntary activation.

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An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament strain induced by quadriceps and hamstrings forces

Cited by 231 publications

References 21 publications

An Alternative Mechanism of Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury During Jump-landing: In-vitro Simulation

An Alternative Mechanism of Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury During Jump-landing: In-vitro Simulation

Antagonist moment of force during maximal knee extension in pubertal boys: effects of quadriceps fatigue

Effect of antagonist muscle fatigue on knee extension torque

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