An in Vitro Investigation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Euphorbia Hirta and Murraya Koenigii Against Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the solvent-dependent antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts of Euphorbia hirta (leaves and flowers) and Murraya koenigii (leaves), as well as to evaluate the synergistic activity of these medicinal extracts with suitable antibiotic discs and antibiotics susceptibility of selected pathogenic microorganisms. Methods:The antimicrobial activity of the medicinal extracts was screened through agar well diffusion method and antibiotics susceptibility of selected microorganisms was investigated using disc diffusion method. A combined agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods were used for the determination of synergistic activities of the extracts with antibiotic discs.Results: Among the different solvents, ethanol had maximum zone of inhibition against the test pathogens. Ethanolic leaf extracts of E. hirta exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 12.5 mg/mL and 25.0 mg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial assay revealed that E. hirta extracts were active against all tested Gram-negative bacteria. However, none of the plant extracts had inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Phytochemical screening for both the extracts from E. hirta revealed the presence of steroid, tannin, terpenoids, carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoid, diterpene, and glycoside, whereas M. koenigii extract was rich in saponins, protein, steroid, tannin, carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoid, and glycoside. Conclusion:The present study proposes that E. hirta and M. koenigii extracts are excellent sources of natural bioactive compounds that could be used as potent antimicrobial drugs to counter the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.

Antibacterial potential of indigenous plant extracts against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from New Delhi region

“…Therefore, in an attempt to resolve this, MIC of the plant extracts was determined using a rapid microdilution assay by examining the reduction of p-INT in a colorimetric assay. As per the results, our plant extracts indicated high efficacy with comparatively lower MIC values for three selected MDR isolates, B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa than reported in previous studies [41]. The MIC values ranged from 0.02 mg/ml to 6.25 mg/ml in the current investigation for the mentioned extracts.…”

Nutritive Importance and Therapeutics Uses of Three Different Varieties (Murraya koenigii, Micromelum minutum, and Clausena indica) of Curry Leaves: An Updated Review

“…However, most new antimicrobial agents fail after many clinical trials and treatments due to the side effects and rapid resistance development. Traditionally, M. koenigii , M. minutum , and C. indica are well known for their health benefits and are rich in antimicrobial activities owing to the presence of a variety of essential phytochemicals and many secondary plant metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and quinines present in their leaves and seeds [ 75 ].…”

Screening and comparative study ofin vitroantioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of selected Vietnamese plants

“…The growth of the first strain of A. hydrophila (1) was also inhibited by P. amarus, P. betle and commercial product A, but at higher concentrations of plant extracts (MIC = 625 µg/mL). P. guajava and E. hirta, which Piper betle 156 625 625 S. aureus (1000 µg/mL), Propionibacterium acnes (4000 µg/mL) [67] Psidium guajava 312 1250 >2500 S. mutans (250 µg/mL), S. mitis (250 µg/mL), S. oralis (250 µg/mL) [68] Commercial product A 312 625 625 -Euphorbia hirta 625 1250 >2500 S. aureus (25 mg/mL), Candida albicans (12.5 mg/mL) [69] Mimosa pudica 1250 2500 >2500 Escherichia coli (250 mg/mL), S. aureus (250 mg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (200 mg/mL) [70] , Eclipta prostrata 1250 1250 >2500 E. coli (12.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (3.125 mg/mL), B. subtilis (6.25 mg/mL), B. cereus (1.56 mg/mL) [71] Commercial product B >2500 >2500 >2500 -Zingiber officinale 2500 2500 >2500 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40 mg/mL), E. coli (40 mg/mL), S. aureus (20 mg/mL) [72] Annona reticulata. 2500 2500 2500 E. coli (30 µg/mL), S. aureus (40 µg/mL), B. subtilis (10 µg/mL) [73] Houttuynia cordata 2500 2500 >2500 Bacillus dysenteriae (0.08 mg/mL) [74] Cayratia trifolia 2500 >2500 -Perilla frutescens >2500 >2500 -Azadirachta indica >2500 >2500 E. coli (0.781 mg.mL), K. pneumonia (1.562 mg/mL), E. faecalis (3.125 mg/mL), S. aureus (1.562 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (1.562 mg/mL) [43] Commercial product C 2500 >2500 -Ageratum conyzoides >2500 >2500 E. coli (100 µg/mL), S. aureus (200 µg/mL) [75] Portulaca oleracea >2500 >2500 S. aureus (12.5 mg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (12.5 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (50 mg/mL), E. coli (50 mg/mL) [76] Allium sativum 2500 >2500 E. coli (150 µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumonia (150 µg/mL), B. subtilis (100 µg/mL) [77] Ocimum basilicum >2500 >2500 Bacillus cereus (62.5 µg/mL), B. subtilis (125 µg/mL), S. aureus (62.5 mg/mL), E. coli (125 µg/mL), Salmonella typhi (500 µg/mL) [78] Centella asiatica 2500 >2500 S. aureus (8 mg/mL) [79] Wedelia chinensis >2500 >2500 B. cereus (3.13 mg/mL), B. subtilis (6.25 mg/mL), S. aureus (6.25 mg/mL), E. coli (25 mg/mL) [80] Momordica charantia >2500 >2500 Enterococcus faecalis (1.25 mg/mL), E. coli (5 mg/mL), K. pneumonia (5 mg/mL) [81] Alternanthera sessilis >2500 >2500 inhibited the growth of the first strain of A. hydrophila (1) at a concentration of 312 and 625 µg/mL respectively, needed a concentration of 1250 µg/mL to inhibit the second strain (2) ( Table 4).…”