An In Vitro Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Study on Water Extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier

Abstract

Kalanchoe species are succulents with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties, as well as cytotoxic activity. One of the most popular species cultivated in Europe is Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier. In our study, we analyzed the phytochemical composition of K. daigremontiana water extract using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and estimated the cytotoxic activity of the extract on human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, flow cytometry, luminometric, and fluorescent microscopy techniques. The expression levels of 92 genes associated with cell death were estimated via real-time PCR. The antioxidant activity was assessed via flow cytometry on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays were also applied. We identified twenty bufadienolide compounds in the water extract and quantified eleven. Bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate and bryophyllin A were present in the highest amounts (757.4 ± 18.7 and 573.5 ± 27.2 ng/mg dry weight, respectively). The extract showed significant antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity, induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and significantly arrested cell cycle in the S and G2/M phases of SKOV-3 cells. Caspases-3, 7, 8, and 9 were not activated during the treatment, which indicated non-apoptotic cell death triggered by the extract. Additionally, the extract increased the level of oxidative stress in the cancer cell line. In keratinocytes treated with menadione, the extract moderately reduced the level of oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity was confirmed by the DPPH and FRAP assays, where the obtained IC50 values were 1750 ± 140 and 1271.82 ± 53.25 μg/mL, respectively. The real-time PCR analysis revealed that the extract may induce cell death via TNF receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily members 6 and 10.

Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts

“…These compounds and diterpenes, such as phytol, have been identified in K. tomentosa extracts [ 31 ]. On the other hand, fat-soluble phenolic molecules such as vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, have been documented among K. daigremontiana [ 32 ] and K. crenata extracts [ 33 ]. The chromatograms of hexane and chloroform extract are presented as Supplementary Figures (Figures S1 and S2) .…”

“…Against other types of cancer, such as the human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells, a water extract from the leaves of K. daigremontiana arrested the cell cycle and induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization. It was cytotoxic against the cells at 5 to 200 μg/mL [ 32 ]. Comparably to these reports, our work demonstrated that the K. fedtschenkoi extracts’ cytotoxicity increases according to the polarity of the solvents.…”

Use of plants of the genus kalanchoe as a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases

“…Studies done with the species K. daigremontiana, show that the main bufadienolide, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, has the potential to be responsible for the cytotoxic activity of the plant. Different types extracts showed strong antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities in ovarian cancer cells and significantly inhibited the cell cycle (Stefanowicz-Hajduk et al 2022;Stefanowicz-Hajduk et al 2020).…”

“…, antimicrobial(Elizondo-Luévano et al, 2021; The desire to be forgotten et al, 2017;Lebedeva et al, 2017;Mayorga et al, 2019;Richwagen et al, 2019; Rivero-Pérez et al, 2022;Zakharchenko et al, 2017) anti-asthmatic and antitussive(Salami et al, 2013) and nephroprotectant(Anadozie et al-2018 Dighade et al, 2021Hewagama et al, 2022;Kamgang et al, 2015;Sohgaura et al, 2019). acids, alkaloids, exert important biological activities(Rivero-Pérez et al, 2022;Stefanowicz-Hajduk et al, 2022).…”

New Chalcone Derivatives Containing 2,4-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide Moiety with Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties

“…To estimate the viability and induction of apoptosis/necrosis in the population of AGS cells treated with compound 5 , the Muse Annexin V and a Dead Cell Assay Kit (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) were used [ 67 ]. The cells were seeded in 12-well plates (1 × 10 5 cells/well) and incubated with the compound at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µg/mL.…”