An In Vitro and In Vivo Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Pistacia khinjuk and Allium sativum Essential Oils

Abstract

Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an overwhelming neurodegenerative disease, has deleterious effects on the brain that consequently causes memory loss and language impairment. This study was intended to investigate the neuroprotective activity of the two essential oils (EOs) from Iranian Pistacia khinjuk (PK) leaves and Allium sativum (AS) cloves against β-Amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induced elevation of cholinesterase enzymes in AD. Methods: The EOs of PK (PKEO) and AS (ASEO) were prepared and analyzed in terms of extraction yield, phenolic content, and cholinergic markers in vitro. Moreover, both were administered orally to adult male Wistar rats at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3%. The inhibitory potential of PKEO and ASEO was compared with Donepezil (0.75 mg/kg) against the high activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes.Results: PKEO reached an inhibition rate of 83.6% and 81.4% against AChE and BChE, respectively. ASEO had lower anti-cholinesterase activity (65.4% and 31.5% for the inhibition AChE and BChE). PKEO was found to have more phenolic content than ASEO. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the total phenolics and anti-cholinesterase potential. In rats, both EOs decreased the enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. As compared with Donepezil, the significant difference in the AChE and BChE inhibition occurred as rats were treated with PKEO 3% (p < 0.05). Conclusion:It could be concluded that PKEO and ASEO are potent inhibitors of AChE and BChE in rats that hold promise to be used for the treatment of AD. 1.IntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic and progressive degenerative disease, is considered as one of the most common causes of dementia in elderly [1]. Bartus et al. suggested that the cholinergic dysfunction in the brain of healthy elderly and dementia people can cause the memory loss and subsequent cognitive damage, thus, the repair of cholinergic activity probably decreases the serious lack of cognitive function [2]. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a critical neurotransmitter used by cholinergic neurons in main physiological processes, including attention, learning, memory, and so forth [3]. The presence of impairment to the cholin-

Chemical Profiling and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Essential Oil Isolated from Pistacia khinjuk Leaves: Insights On GC‐MS Analysis and Skin Aging‐Relevant Enzymes

“…Our study showed somehow consistent with De pooter et al. findings as α‐phellandrene only represented 0.1 % of the oil [27,38] . We also noticed the appearance of different components as spathulenol and germacrene B as reported by both Abolghasemi et al.…”

“…Our study showed somehow consistent with De pooter et al findings as α-phellandrene only represented 0.1 % of the oil. [27,38] We also noticed the appearance of different components as spathulenol and germacrene B as reported by both Abolghasemi et al and Taran et al, in addition to the predom- inance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes alcohols as similar to our study. [24,39] However, we reported the absence of spathulenol and the appearance of different sesquiterpenes alcohols as τ-muurolol.…”

Novel Sunifiram-carbamate hybrids as potential dual acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDAR co-agonist: simulation-guided analogue design and pharmacological screening

“…White microcrystal, yield 1.57 g (90%), mp 78–80 °C ((lit. 80–82 °C) 42 . 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.28 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H).…”

In Silico Study of Sesquiterpene and Monoterpene Compounds from Valerian Roots (Valerian officinalis) As Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

“…AChE functions as a catalytic enzyme in the ACh hydrolysis process which produces two compounds, namely acetate and choline, which aims to stop the synaptic transmission process. Therefore, people with Alzheimer's disease will experience a decrease in the ability to remember and learn [2] .…”