An improved solid phosphoric acid catalyst for alkene oligomerization in a Fischer–Tropsch refinery

Coetzee, Johannes H.; Mashapa, Thomas N.; Prinsloo, Nicolaas M.; Rademan, Johann D.

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2006.04.023

Cited by 59 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…As a result, the commercial use of the ionic liquid catalyst for LGO production would be difficult. Compared with the ionic catalyst, the SPA catalyst should be easy to recover and has low cost and good thermal stability [44,65], making it a promising catalyst for commercial application.…”

Section: Quantitative Determination Of the Lgo Yields Under Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Production of Levoglucosenone from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Mechanically Mixed with Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

Zhang

Lü

et al. 2015

Bioenerg. Res.

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Solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalysts with different carriers were prepared and used for catalytic fast pyrolysis of poplar wood to produce levoglucosenone (LGO), a valuable anhydrosugar derivative that can be used in various organic synthesis applications. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) experiments were performed to evaluate the catalytic capabilities of these catalysts under different reaction conditions. The results indicated that SPA catalyst prepared with the SBA-15 carrier exhibited the best catalytic capability for selectively producing LGO. Both the catalytic pyrolysis temperature and catalyst-to-biomass ratio affected the pyrolytic products greatly. The maximal LGO yield reached as high as 8.2 wt% from poplar wood, obtained at the pyrolysis temperature of 300°C and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio of 1. The by-products during the catalytic pyrolysis process were mainly acetic acid (AA) and furfural (FF). In addition, the SPA catalyst possessed better catalytic capability than the liquid phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) catalyst to produce LGO.

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Section: Quantitative Determination Of the Lgo Yields Under Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Production of Levoglucosenone from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Mechanically Mixed with Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

Zhang

Lü

et al. 2015

Bioenerg. Res.

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“…This involves the use of a solid acid catalyst and in industry mainly ZSM-5 and solid phosphoric acid (SPA) are used [1] and [2]. Industrially, the oligomerisation of shorter chain olefins is more established in the production of petrol [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic model for the dimerisation of 1-hexene over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst

Schwarzer

Toit

Nicol

2008

Applied Catalysis A: General

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Batch kinetic experiments at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C showed that the reaction can be modeled with a three step sequential reaction scheme. This involves firstly linear isomerisation of 1-hexene followed by skeletal isomerisation and finally dimerisation and cracking. The first and last steps in the sequence are modeled as reversible reactions. When first order reaction kinetics is assumed for each of the reactions, the model gave a very good representation of the experimental data. In order to test the validity of the series pathway hypothesis, the reaction was repeated with a skeletal hexene isomer -2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (DMB) -as reactant. Although the rate and equilibrium constants for the third reaction step as obtained from the 1-hexene conversion data gave a good prediction of the DMB conversion at 200 °C and 250 °C, it failed to predict the reaction rate at 150 °C. This suggests that a different reaction pathway -where linear hexene isomers are directly converted to dimer product -becomes more significant at lower temperatures. The relatively high activation energy of the linear to skeletal hexene reaction may be to blame for this observation. However, this needs to be confirmed be further experimental work. The same equilibrium conversions of both 1-hexene and DMB were observed at all three temperatures investigated-suggesting that the equilibrium conversion is independent of the type of hexene isomer in the reaction mixture. Graphical abstractA sequential reaction pathway is proposed for this reaction. The three reaction steps included in the model are firstly linear isomerisation of 1-hexene followed by skeletal isomerisation and finally dimerisation and cracking (see figure). The model is tested by using a skeletal hexene isomer -2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (DMB) -as reactant.

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“…The EDAX analysis shown at the right side exhibits only the presence of P, O, and Si. The phase SiP 2 O 7 /P 2 O 5 /SiO 2 is an interesting commercial product with a variety of applications, especially in the area of catalysis [58][59][60][61][62] and microelectronics [63]. However, to date no studies on nanostructured SiP 2 O 7 /P 2 O 5 /SiO 2 have been reported.…”

Section: Copolyphosphazene Containing Si and Sn Organometallic Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Polyphosphazenes and Their Applications in Nanonoscience

Dı́az

Valenzuela

2008

Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications

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An improved solid phosphoric acid catalyst for alkene oligomerization in a Fischer–Tropsch refinery

Cited by 59 publications

References 12 publications

Selective Production of Levoglucosenone from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Mechanically Mixed with Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

Selective Production of Levoglucosenone from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Mechanically Mixed with Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

Kinetic model for the dimerisation of 1-hexene over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst

Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Polyphosphazenes and Their Applications in Nanonoscience

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