“…When coefficient A is non-singular, x(t) has an unique theoretical solution x * = A −1 b; when coefficient A is singular, linear equations (1) can have no solution or multiple solutions. A number of related problems such as matrix inversion [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], quadratic programming/minimisation [6], [7], [8], Sylvester equations [9], Lyapunov matrix equation [10], [11] and linear matrix equations AX(t)B = C [12], [13] can be transformed into linear equations (1) via vectorisation and Kronecker product [4]. Such a problem is widely encountered in other fields of science and engineering such as ridge regression in machine learning [14], [15], [16], [17], signal processing [18], optical flow in computer vision [19], [20], and robotic inverse kinematics [21], [22].…”