An Improved Nonselective Culture Medium for Ruminal Bacteria and Its Use in Determining Diurnal Variation in Numbers of Bacteria in the Rumen

Bryant, M. P.; Robinson, I. M.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(61)89906-2

Cited by 361 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Total bacterial counts, where many very different species may be confounded, may be expected to be more affected by the nature of the diet, since the different diets would allow different species to dominate and these species might well have different growth behaviours. Such differences due to diet can be seen in the work of Nottle (1956), El-Tabey Shehata (1958) and Bryant & Robinson (1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Diurnal Changes in the Concentrations of Micro-organisms in the Rumens of Sheep Fed Limited Diets Once Daily: WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE KINETICS OF RUMEN MICROBES AND FLOW

Warner¹

1966

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYThe pattern of change of concentration of different groups of microorganisms in the rumen was found to be characteristic of the group and little affected by the time of day, the nature of the diet, or the host animal. The dilution rate of rumen liquor and the rate of change of concentration of several groups of micro-organisms were measured a t intervals following feeding; this allowed calculation of the apparent specific growth rate. The changes in concentration of the ophryoscolecid ciliate protozoa, the selenomonads and the oval organism described by Eadie could be explained as the resultant of the changes in dilution rate due to the act of eating and in growth rate in response to incoming nutrients. Rates of change in concentration greater than could be accounted for on the basis of growth and dilution alone were found with the peptostreptococci, the polymastigate flagellate protozoa and the holotrich ciliate protozoa. It is suggested that the peptostreptococci underwent lysis or engulfment by other organisms and that the polymastigates became sequestered, .probably close to the rumen wall. The concentration changes of the holotrichs were more difficult t o understand, but it would appear that little division took place for some 18 hr after feeding, followed by several divisions in quick succession. The oscillospirae showed two peaks in concentration; no explanation can be offered for this.

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mentioning

confidence: 87%

Diurnal Changes in the Concentrations of Micro-organisms in the Rumens of Sheep Fed Limited Diets Once Daily: WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE KINETICS OF RUMEN MICROBES AND FLOW

Warner¹

1966

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…(20) and a vitamin solution (21) were also added in 0.95 and 0.85 ml amounts, respectively, to 100 ml of growth medium. The cysteine-sulfide reducing agent of Bryant and Robinson (22) was sterilized and added separately to the growth medium. Liquid medium of the same composition was prepared, but without agar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growth media were prepared and sterilized under a strictly anaerobic argon atmosphere by a modification (22) Preparation of Gases. Gases used to maintain anaerobic environments were vigorously scrubbed to remove all traces of oxygen by methods previously described (19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic growth of a Rhodopseudomonas species in the dark with carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy substrate.

Uffen¹

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

209

113

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A species of Rhodopseudomonas that grows under strict anaerobic conditions in the dark and requires CO was isolated from lake and pond sediments. Although anaerobic growth in the dark occurs in a chemically defined mineral medium with CO as the only carbon and energy source, growth is stimulated by adding trypticase. Under these conditions, cells exhibit a generation time of 6.7 hr and reach a final concentration of I to 3 X 109 cells per ml of liquid medium. Resting suspensions of CO-grown cells metabolize about 6.7 Vmol of CO per mg of protein in 1 hr and produce equimolar amounts of CO2 and H2 according to the equation CO + H210 -CO2 + H2. As predicted by this equation, when cells were suspended in tritium-labeled water containing potassium phosp ate buffer at pH 7.0 and incubated with pure CO, 3H2 gas was produced at linear rate with a constant specific activity. Carbon monoxide is a natural by-product in a variety of biologic and chemical reactions that occur in nature (1-5). Once formed, the gas may be oxidized to carbon dioxide by photochemical reactions in the troposphere (6). Evidence that biologic reactions also occur for oxidation and/or utilization of CO has been more difficult to obtain (7,8). Both plant and bacterial systems have been implicated.The ability of leaf tissue from young bean plants to oxidize CO to CO2 in light led to speculation that plants play an important role in removing CO from the atmosphere. Nevertheless, since the reaction was not observed when other tissfies were used (2), the ability to oxidize CO may not be a general property of green plants. In addition, it has been reported that a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria metabolize carbon monoxide. However, in these studies performed with suspensions of whole cejls (9) or protein extracts (10-13), the reaction(s) occurred slowly and amounts of CO oxidized to CO9 were small. Likewise a few studies (14,15) suggested certain aerobic microorganisms could grow with CO. Unfortunately, important experimental details were lacking and it was not possible to determine if the cells grew methylotrophically (7, 8), i.e., with CO as a source of carbon and energy, or if the gas was cometabolized (10, 11) with other substrates required for cell growth. It has been generally accepted that two species of methanogenic bacteria can oxidize CO to CO2 under anaerobic conditions, and with H2 can form methane gas and grow (16)(17)(18) monoxide-utilizing microorganisms were selectively isolated from anaerobic enrichment cultures. About 50 ml of reduced liquid medium (described below) was prepared, but without adding trypticase, and inoculated with a 1 g sample of anaerobic, black sediment from Crystal Lake, Urbana, Ill. or from a duck pond located outside Champaign, Ill. Enrichment cultures were incubated at 340 under a stream of sterile, oxygenfree H2-CO gas (80:20 mixture). When turbid growth developed, a sample of cells was obtained from the enrichment culture by means of a platinum inoculation loop and transferred into 50 ml of ster...

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“…Medium I was designed to culture all types of rumen bacteria and similar media have been used by other workers to obtain complete viable counts (e.g. Bryant & Robinson, 1961). However, the starchcontaining medium (medium 2) gave consistently higher counts than did medium I .…”

Section: Diurnal Variations In Numbers Of Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Bacteria and Ciliate Protozoa in the Sheep Rumen

Kurihara¹,

Jm²,

Pn³

et al. 1968

Journal of General Microbiology

105

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S U M M A R YTwo sheep were reared together and then kept on a standard diet over a period of 9 months. The rumen of one sheep contained a mixed population of ciliate protozoal species ; the other was initially unfaunated, then faunated with Entodinium caudatum and then with Entodinium and Polyplastron multivesiculatum. For each sheep diurnal and day-to-day variations in total concentration, and concentration of particular types, of bacteria, in viable counts of bacteria on non-selective and differential media and in concentrations of the different protozoal species, were determined. Measurements were also made of in vitro rates of fermentation, rumen pH and ammonia and volatile fatty-acid concentrations. The presence of protozoa decreased rumen bacterial concentrations and increased ammonia and volatile fatty-acid concentrations. However, these changes were not always completely clear-cut since the protozoa changed the patterns of diurnal variation not only of bacterial numbers but of some metabolic activities and metabolites and also altered the balance of bacterial types. These results are discussed in the context of interactions between bacteria and protozoa and between protozoal species. The main effects of faunation of the rumen seem to be caused by non-selective ingestion of small bacteria by the protozoa.

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An Improved Nonselective Culture Medium for Ruminal Bacteria and Its Use in Determining Diurnal Variation in Numbers of Bacteria in the Rumen

Cited by 361 publications

References 12 publications

Diurnal Changes in the Concentrations of Micro-organisms in the Rumens of Sheep Fed Limited Diets Once Daily: WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE KINETICS OF RUMEN MICROBES AND FLOW

Diurnal Changes in the Concentrations of Micro-organisms in the Rumens of Sheep Fed Limited Diets Once Daily: WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE KINETICS OF RUMEN MICROBES AND FLOW

Anaerobic growth of a Rhodopseudomonas species in the dark with carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy substrate.

Relationship between Bacteria and Ciliate Protozoa in the Sheep Rumen

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