An Improved Method for the Determination of Water Balance 1

Wiley, F. H.; Newburgh, L. H.

doi:10.1172/jci100378

J. Clin. Invest.

1931

DOI: 10.1172/jci100378

|View full text |Cite

An Improved Method for the Determination of Water Balance 1

F. H. Wiley

L. H. Newburgh²

Abstract: An earlier publication from this laboratory (1) dealt with the measurement of total water exchange. In the interval, the application of this method has given rise to a number of modifications which increase the accuracy of the results obtained, so that it appears advisable to discuss the subject again.In a recent article (2), we have shown that the method of Benedict and Root (3) for the estimation of basal heat production from the insensible loss of weight, is subject to rather large errors. On the other hand… Show more

Help me understand this report

Search citation statements

Order By: Relevance

Paper Sections

Select...

Citation Types

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Year Published

1931

1941

Publication Types

Select...

Article6

Relationship

Self Cite1

Independent5

Authors

Journals

Cited by 25 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…During part of the second period his activity was slightly, but definitely, increased due to pressure of extra work. This second diet was continued through December 7,1930. Thereafter, until January 5, 1931, he made a serious effort to continue to gain weight by overeating.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Doubtful Nature of “Luxuskonsumption” 1

Wiley¹,

Newburgh²

1931

J. Clin. Invest.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 1911, and several times thereafter, Grafe and his associates (1) stated that the fasting, resting metabolism of an individual is not proportional to the surface area, but is significantly affected by the calorific value of the food previously ingested. They also postulated that the total metabolism is influenced in the same way by the total intake of energy. According to them, normal animals, including man, maintain a constant weight, almost without regard to the energy intake, and obesity is often nothing more than the failure of this alleged mechanism to respond normally to the stimulus of food. Finally, leanness is an over-response to a normal stimulus.They supported these views by the following type of experiments: A dog was starved for a long time, and its resting, fasting metabolism was then determined. This value was used as the basis for comparison. The dog was now offered an abundance of food, and gained weight rapidly. The metabolism was repeatedly determined in the fasting, resting state. The metabolic rate thus determined showed a progressive increase out of proportion to the increase in body surface. Table I sets forth their data in detail, rearranged by us.This increase in metabolic rate of the overfed animal beyond that of the starved animal was accepted by them as proof that the resting, fasting metabolism of the normal animal is increased by previous overfeeding. But the metabolic rate obtained after prolonged starvation should not have been accepted as a proper basis for comparison, since Schondorff (2) had previously shown that starvation caused a decrease I The expenses of this investigation were defrayed in part by a fund for the study of nutrition, created by

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If this were true, it would necessarily also be true that he had burned all of the diet. However, an analysis of the data gives a quite 741 different answer (7). The comparison between the available energy of the diet and the transformation of energy shows that the subject acquired 24,830 Calories deposited as 179 grams of protein and 2,499 grams of fat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Doubtful Nature of “Luxuskonsumption” 1

Wiley¹,

Newburgh²

1931

J. Clin. Invest.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Respiratory Metabolism in Infancy and in Childhood

Levine¹

1938

Am J Dis Child

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The importance of water in the preservation of health and in the treatment of disease in infancy and in childhood has been recognized for many years. The infantile organism is especially hydrolabile, probably because of its high content of body water; this content comprises over 70 per cent in the newly born infant, as against less than 60 per cent in the adult. This hydrolabile tendency is exemplified by the wide fluctuations in daily body weight of healthy infants while on constant diets, by the ready development of dehydration fever in newly born and in older infants temporarily deprived of water and by the occurrence of anhydremia as a frequent accompaniment of infantile diarrhea.Despite the importance of water to infants, knowledge of their fluid requirements has in large measure been deduced from measurements of the average amounts of milk voluntarily withdrawn from the breast by nursing infants. These observations were later supplemented by studies of water balance, which for the most part were incomplete, since all sources of incoming and outgoing water were not directly determined. The validity of the assumption that the value for fluid intake obtained in these incomplete studies represents the optimal fluid intake for all normal infants can be assessed more accurately through continuous and complete studies of the water exchange throughout the twenty-four hours under varying conditions of diet and environment. This paper presents the results of 28 such measurements of the water exchange of 16 healthy infants. Seven observations on 3 of the infants were made in conjunction with previously reported twenty-The early observations were made in collaboration with Dr. Improved Method for the Determination of Water Balance, ibid. 10:723 (Oct.) 1931. 4. The constants of Newburgh 3 were used to calculate the water of oxidation. One gram of protein, of fat and of carbohydrate when oxidized in the body releases as end products 0.41, 1.07 and 0.60 Gm. of water, respectively. The composition of the metabolic mixture of 3 infants (H. S., J. F. and J. C.) was determined directly in the respiration chamber on the final day of each of 7 observations (17 through 23). In the remaining observations, the daily metabolic mixture was calculated from the energy exchange measured for periods of from two to four hours, the dietary carbohydrate, the urinary nitrogen and the daily behavior records of the infants.1 5. The water loss through skin and lungs was determined from the total insensible perspiration by deducting the difference between exhaled carbon dioxide and inhaled oxygen. CO2\p=m-\O2 was considered to equal 0.41 C + 0.08 P \p=m-\0.08F, when C, P and F represent the grams of carbohydrate, protein and fat, respectively, in the metabolic mixture.3 Downloaded From: http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/ by a Oakland University User on 06/15/2015

show abstract

Respiratory Metabolism in Infancy and in Childhood

Gordon¹,

Levine²,

McNamara³

et al. 1941

Am J Dis Child

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quantitative measurements of the water exchange of premature infants are essential for defining their fluid requirements because of their weak appetites and because factors other than feeding contribute so much to their well-being. This paper presents the results of such measurements made on 12 premature infants fed varying diets but studied under constant environmental conditions. APPARATUS AND METHODSA detailed description of the methods employed for analysis of the diet and excreta (urine and feces), for measurement of the twenty-four hour insensible loss from skin and lungs, for determination of the daily respiratory exchange and for calculation of the composition of the metabolic mixture was given in previous papers.

show abstract

scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.

Contact Info

customersupport@researchsolutions.com

10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614

Henderson, NV 89052, USA

Blog Terms and Conditions API Terms Privacy Policy Contact Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

Made with 💙 for researchers

Part of the Research Solutions Family.

An Improved Method for the Determination of Water Balance 1

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

The Doubtful Nature of “Luxuskonsumption” 1

The Doubtful Nature of “Luxuskonsumption” 1

Respiratory Metabolism in Infancy and in Childhood

Respiratory Metabolism in Infancy and in Childhood

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About