An Improved Gardner Feedback Timing Synchronization Loop

Computation efficient and low jitter timing synchronization scheme enabled a single-lane 112 Gb/s PAM-4 optical link

“…The resulting control signal ω n is obtained by passing through the loop filter to eliminate high-frequency noise and high-frequency components in ê(n) and its iteration method is shown in formula (4), where c 1 is a proportional constant, c 2 is a integration constant, ω n is the bandwidth of the step length control module, ξ is the damping coefficient, K d is the combined gain of the delay estimation module and the delay filter module, f s is the system working frequency, which is the reciprocal of the local sampling clock T s .…”

A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication

“…When adjacent symbols are the same, the symbol difference is always zero and the Gardner algorithm cannot capture the timing error, which makes the Gardner algorithm generate large timing jitter [22] and leads to a high level of self-noise in the system. Some improved algorithms were proposed to address this issue [23]. Correction algorithms [9] and preprocessing algorithms [24] were proposed to mitigate self-noise in the Gardner algorithm.…”