An Improved Formulation for Calorimetric Emittance Testing of Spacecraft Thermal Control Coatings

Kauder, Lonny R.

doi:10.1063/1.3076827

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The Solar Wind Facility at GSFC was chosen for this testing due to the expertise of the group and their previous experience with similar testing [3,4]. This facility is decribed by Kauder in 2009 [6]. Twelve potential Gateway materials and coatings samples were tested, including radiator coatings, external MLI layers, and structural materials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Absorptivity Degradation of Spacecraft Materials Due to UV and Charged Particles in the Gateway Environment

Zinecker,

Spivey,

Jayne

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Gateway will be an outpost in cislunar space designed to survive a 15-year mission to support human Moon landings and future deep space exploration. The Gateway Passive Thermal Control System (PTCS) Group has identified charged particle and UV degradation of potential Gateway materials as a knowledge gap for the Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO) and transit environment, especially the slow spiral transit planned for the first two modules. Solar absorptivity degradation is important to quantify because the end-of-life absorptivity impacts thermal performance of the system. To address this, ground testing has been completed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in which potential Gateway materials, including radiators, multi-layer insulation (MLI), and structural materials are subjected to the expected transit plus 15-year on-orbit charged particle fluence (9.86x1015 protons/cm2 at 2.5 keV and 3.1x1016 electrons/cm2 at 10 keV) and 5093 Equivalent Solar Hours (ESH). Reflectivity of a single sample of each material was measured in atmosphere and in vacuum inside the chamber after exposure to incremental levels of ESH and charged particle fluence. Increase in absorptivity of most samples were seen throughout the test including large differences in absorptivity of materials of the same category. Future planned testing will validate these results and include additional materials of interest.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Absorptivity Degradation of Spacecraft Materials Due to UV and Charged Particles in the Gateway Environment

Zinecker,

Spivey,

Jayne

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…Applying paints over surfaces can achieve this purpose because paints are usually "black" in the mid-IR spectral range. Anodized aluminum coating, which is commonly practiced in industries to passivate aluminum surfaces, is able to produce a moderately high emittance (~0.85, depending on several factors such as temperature, color, thickness, and roughness) [12] to somewhat resemble Blackbody surfaces. If there is no appearance preference in the engineering design, black color is generally recommended for surface treatment to mimic the Blackbody emittance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Distillation Under Infrared Characteristic Radiation

Wang¹,

Brewster²,

Lai³

2017

Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling

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This chapter introduces quasi-steady water vaporization under mid-infrared (IR) radiation and the IR absorption of characteristic radiation associated with the first-kind liquid-gaseous phase transition of water. When characteristic radiation in the mid-IR spectral range is applied to water surface, the strong volumetric absorption of radiation energy in the liquid-phase causes water to be nearly isothermal. In addition to volumetric absorption, surface absorption of characteristic radiation induces vaporization of water. The complete mechanism of liquid-gaseous phase-transition radiation involves the direct surface absorption/emission of infrared energy accompanied by evaporation/ condensation of water. A direct consequence of excess characteristic radiation upon water surface is the induced supersaturation. This mechanism opens up a door for enhanced distillation under characteristic radiation. Blackbody-like materials such as black anodized aluminum surfaces and metal surfaces painted in black are recommended to be heated to~250 C to serve as economical radiation sources. For isothermal water at room temperatures,~20% supersaturation can be induced by hemispherical Blackbody radiation with temperature~11 C higher than the water temperature. In this situation, energy extracted from the ambient for water vaporization can be as much as 80% of latent heat. With radiation-enhanced evaporation, the production cost for distilled water is significantly reduced as compared to distillation at the boiling point.

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“…In terms of an emissive coating that helps to radiate thermal energy away from a membrane for either cooling or heat transfer purposes, vapour-deposited chromium yields an emissivity of over 20%. While for picking up heat from the environment, nickel provides a near 40% absorptivity and low emissivity [53]. Typical coating materials that can be useful for the thermal control of the proposed membrane are listed in table 3.…”

Section: Analysis Of Sunlight-activated Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigidisation of deployable space polymer membranes by heat-activated self-folding

Wu¹,

Roberts²,

Lyu³

et al. 2018

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Current gossamer space structures such as solar sails usually rely on bracing structures, inflation gas, or centrifugal force to deploy and maintain a structural shape, which leads to a system that is sometimes complicated, while a concise system can be achieved if the gossamer structure could self-rigidise and support load. The present study proposes a self-folding polymer membrane based on space-qualified materials and is potentially mass-producible by industrial rollto-roll processes. It can permanently transform a flat gossamer membrane into a load-bearing 3D configuration when heated by sunlight in space, while the foldinginduced shape bifurcation and buckling are prevented using a kirigami hinge design. The shape transformation is demonstrated in lab by a tubular and an origami structure that are formed from a flat membrane when heated to 82 C in oven. Thermal radiation analyses have also verified the feasibility of sunlight-activated folding in space when vapour-deposited metallic coatings are applied onto the hinges. The proposed material o↵ers a new generation of gossamer space membrane that can automatically morph from a stowed configuration to a load-bearing structure, and potentially provide built-in functionalities.

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An Improved Formulation for Calorimetric Emittance Testing of Spacecraft Thermal Control Coatings

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Solar Absorptivity Degradation of Spacecraft Materials Due to UV and Charged Particles in the Gateway Environment

Solar Absorptivity Degradation of Spacecraft Materials Due to UV and Charged Particles in the Gateway Environment

Enhanced Distillation Under Infrared Characteristic Radiation

Rigidisation of deployable space polymer membranes by heat-activated self-folding

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