An improved fabric‐phase sorptive extraction protocol for the determination of seven parabens in human urine by HPLC–DAD

Abstract

An improved fabric‐phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) protocol has been developed and validated herein for the simple, fast, sensitive and green determination of seven parabens—methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, isobutyl paraben and benzyl paraben—in human urine samples by HPLC–DAD. The mobile phase consisted of ammonium acetate (0.05 m) and acetonitrile, while total analysis time was 13.2 min. Sol–gel poly (tetrahydrofuran) coated FPSE membrane resulted in optimum extraction sensitivity for the seven parabens. The novel FPSE medium as well as the improved and faster sample preparation procedure resulted in lower limit of detection and quantitation values in comparison with previously reported methods. The separation was carried out using an RP‐HPLC method with a Spherisorb C18 column and a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min. The validation of the analytical method was carried out by means of linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness. For all seven parabens, the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.003 and 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. Relative recovery rates were between 86.3 and 104%, while RSD values were <12.6 and 19.3% for within‐ and between‐day repeatability, respectively. The method was subsequently applied to real human urine samples.

Determination of Intact Parabens in the Human Plasma of Cancer and Non-Cancer Patients Using a Validated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Method with UV Detection

“…This technique uses a natural or synthetic fabric membrane as a substrate that is chemically coated in the form of a very thin but spongy coating of sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent [47]. In this study, a sol-gel Carbowax 20M coated FPSE membrane was used for sample preparation of the human plasma samples [38,39]. This membrane consists of a biocompatible organic poly(ethylene glycol) polymer, an inorganic precursor, and a hydrophilic natural polymer cellulose fabric that synergistically complement each other to determine the overall selectivity of the extraction device.…”

“…Such a combination of properties makes it difficult to find alternative preservatives to satisfactorily replace parabens. After ingestion, they are rapidly metabolized in technique for the analysis of seven paraben residues in human whole blood, plasma, urine, and breast tissue samples [38][39][40].…”

Fabric phase sorptive extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as an innovative analytical technique for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in herbal infusions and tea samples

“…14 Until now, FPSE has been utilized for the extraction of a variety of analytes, i.e. alkyl phenols, 16 penicillins, 14,17 sulfonamides, 15 parabens, [18][19][20] tetracyclines, 21 estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals and bisphenol A, 22 pirimicarb and fenitrothion pesticides 23 etc. from complex food, biological and environmental matrices.…”

Salt-Induced Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Piroxicam and Meloxicam from Human Urine Prior to Their Determination by HPLC-DAD

“…Following this trend, a wide variety of novel sample preparation techniques have been developed and applied in bioanalysis, aiming to replace the less environmentally friendly SPE and LLE approaches. Typical examples of green extraction techniques used for the determination of drugs in biological matrices include sorbent-based approaches such as solid-phase microextraction [11], fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) [12], capsule phase microextraction (CPME) [13], magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [14], stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [15], pipette tip-based microextraction [16] and liquid-based approaches such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [17], electromembrane extraction (EME) [18], homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME), etc. [19].…”