“…Furthermore, hierarchical structure based MIEAs, including a nested membrane structure (NMS) [47], one level membrane structure (OLMS) [48], hybrid membrane structure (HMS) [49] and dynamic membrane structure (DMS) [50], are the first kind of EMC. NMS-based MIEAs are designed to integrate cell-like P systems with different metaheuristic techniques, such as GA [51], DE [52,53], ACO [54], and so on [55,56]. OLMSbased MIEAs are proposed to combine cell-like P systems and different algorithms in a membrane (AIM), such as GA [57], DE [58], PSO [59,60], ACO [61], and QIEAS [62].…”