“…29,35,36,40 It is important to note that previous studies have demonstrated that the combination of the OS approach with momentum schemes can lead to convergence instability, particularly as the number of subsets increases. 47,48,58,59 This instability arises due to error accumulation in the momentum term, as the "subset balance" approximation does not perfectly hold. 47 The "subset balance" approximation implies that the cost function, JðFÞ, defined in Eq.…”