An Improved Analysis for Chlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human and Bovine Sera Using Solid-Phase Extraction

Brock, John W.; Burse, Virlyn W.; Ashley, David L.; Najam, Allah R; Green, Vaughn E.; Korver, Margaret P.; Powell, Mary K.; Hodge, Carolyn C.; Needham, Larry L.

doi:10.1093/jat/20.7.528

Cited by 104 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…All data were used without screening for the formal method detection limit (LOD) (32). We used the analytical LOD that eliminates 95% of false positives to identify those analytes that were detectible in more than 50% of our study population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two chromatographs used different columns (DB5 and DB1701) to reduce interferences and improve selectivity. Results were obtained for o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, 28 PCB congeners, and 13 other organochlorine compounds using previously described methods (32). These methods allowed for values below the established level of detection to be detected.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Rubin

Lanier

Kieszak

et al. 2006

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Objectives. To determine if an increased rate of breast cancer in Alaska Native women is related to their consumption of a subsistence diet that may contain p,p'-dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Study Design. A retrospective case control design. Methods. We analyzed banked serum collected between 1981 and 1987 from 126 Alaska Native women, including 63 case women who subsequently developed breast cancer and 63 age-matched control women who remained cancer-free. Serum was analyzed for DDT, DDE, 13 other chlorinated pesticides, and 28 PCB congeners. Results. The geometric mean for p,p'-DDE levels among case women was 8.67 ppb (95% Confidence Interval 7.48, 10.04); among control women, the geometric mean was 7.36 ppb (6.53, 8.30). The geometric mean for total PCB levels among case women was 4.55 ppb (3.61, 5.74) and for control women, the geometric mean was 6.10 ppb (4.73, 7.86). Cancer status and total PCB levels varied across ethnicity (i.e., Eskimo, Aleut, and Indian) but DDE levels were uniform among these ethnic groups. Using conditional logistic regression analysis to adjust for potential confounders (e.g., ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, parity), we found an odds ratio of 1.43 (0.46, 4.47) for the highest tertile of DDE exposure and 0.42 (0.07, 2.38) for the highest tertile of total PCB exposure. Conclusions. Although the results are limited by small sample size and restricted risk factor information, our findings of higher DDE levels, but lower PCB levels among women with breast cancer are consistent with previous research. Our results confirm exposure to organochlorines among Alaska Native women but do not identify these exposures as a significant risk factor for breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Rubin

Lanier

Kieszak

et al. 2006

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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“…All samples, including current and archived sera, were analyzed for PCBs using the current methodologies of Gammon et al (2002) based on the methods described by Brock et al (1996). Quality control was monitored using three plasma pools fortified with PCB congeners corresponding to 0, 5, or 10 ng/ml total PCB.…”

Section: Serum Pcb Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the half-lives of PCB congeners in former capacitor workers measured over a 28-year interval

Seegal

Fitzgerald

Hills

et al. 2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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To date, most estimates of the half-life of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in humans have been based on relatively short follow-up periods. To address this issue, we determined the half-lives of PCB congeners of occupational origin in the serum of former capacitor workers as part of a study conducted in [2003][2004][2005][2006] F approximately 28 years after their last occupational exposure. A total of 241 persons from a source population of 6798 former capacitor workers were interviewed and asked to donate a blood sample for serum PCB congener analysis. A subgroup of 45 participants also had serum archived from 1976 and reanalyzed for the same 27 PCB congeners by the same laboratory. Our estimates of the half-lives of the congeners among these 45 persons were longer than those reported by Wolff et al. (1992), due primarily to the much longer interval between exposure and determination of serum PCB concentrations. Half-lives were significantly greater for the heavy versus light occupational congeners, for women versus men and for those with low versus high initial exposure. Current serum total PCB concentrations, expressed as the geometric mean of wet weight data, averaged 6.7 ng/g for the entire 241-person cohort, which represents a 10-fold decrease from values reported in the late 1970s, but is still nearly twice the average for persons of similar age residing in the same area, but without occupational exposure. In addition, current serum PCB concentrations remained significantly and positively associated with earlier occupational exposure, but were not associated with fresh water fish consumption. In general, the results support a consistent and long-duration trend of increased PCB body burden in this cohort of former capacitor workers compared with non-occupationally exposed individuals. The results may aid in further understanding the toxicological/epidemiological consequences of exposure to PCBs in humans.

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“…Previous methods for assessing human exposure to phthalates have been subject to laboratory and sample-collection contamination problems from these environmentally ubiquitous compounds (17)(18)(19)(20). For this reason, previous measurements of internal phthalate dose have focused on highly exposed people (21,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Seven Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in a Human Reference Population

Blount¹,

Silva²,

Caudill³

et al. 2000

Environmental Health Perspectives

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117

147

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Dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, commonly called phthalates, are ubiquitous industrial chemicals with a wide range of chemical and toxicologic characteristics. Phthalates are used primarily as plasticizers in flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products such as blood bags and children's toys. Nonpolymeric uses of phthalates as fixatives, detergents, lubricating oils, and solvents lead to their inclusion in numerous and diverse products such as cosmetics and wood finishes. The widespread use of phthalates results in multiple human exposure routes (oral, dermal, inhalation, and intravenous). Phthalates are lipophilic compounds that appear not to bioaccumulate (1). Phthalates are rapidly metabolized to their respective monoesters and further oxidative products, which are glucuronidated and excreted through the urine and feces (1-4).Animal toxicology of several phthalates has been studied. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a rodent liver carcinogen through a mechanism thought to involve peroxisome proliferation (5); however, carcinogenicity by this mechanism is unlikely to be relevant to humans (6,7). Several phthalates, DEHP, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), are teratogenic in animals (8-10). DBP is also toxic to the testes, possibly through its metabolite, monobutyl phthalate (MBP) (11,12); other phthalate metabolites, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), are Sertoli cell toxicants and teratogens in animals (13,14). Furthermore, administration of DBP and DEHP to pregnant rats interferes with normal fetal development in male offspring (15). Regarding reproductive and developmental effects, phthalates vary in potency, with DEHP being the most potent and DBP and BzBP roughly an order of magnitude less potent (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).Based on the varied toxicities of phthalates, internal dose measurements of specific phthalates and their monoester metabolites (16) are important for exposure assessment, and ultimately for accurate human risk assessment. Previous methods for assessing human exposure to phthalates have been subject to laboratory and sample-collection contamination problems from these environmentally ubiquitous compounds (17)(18)(19)(20). For this reason, previous measurements of internal phthalate dose have focused on highly exposed people (21,22). As the primary urinary metabolite, phthalate monoesters are useful biomarkers of specific phthalate exposure.We report the urinary phthalate monoester levels for a human reference population using a new, highly selective technique (23). This analytical approach allows us to directly measure the individual phthalate metabolites responsible for the reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates in animals while avoiding contamination from the ubiquitous parent compound. The metabolites measured are monoethyl phthalate (MEP), MBP, MBzP, mono-n-octyl phthalate, MEHP, and mono-3-methyl-5-dimethylhexyl phthalate (monoisononyl, MINP). Commercially used di-isononyl p...

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An Improved Analysis for Chlorinated Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human and Bovine Sera Using Solid-Phase Extraction

Cited by 104 publications

References 18 publications

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals

Estimating the half-lives of PCB congeners in former capacitor workers measured over a 28-year interval

Levels of Seven Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in a Human Reference Population

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