An improved acetyl bromide procedure for determining lignin in woods and wood pulps

Iiyama, Kenji; Wallis, A. F. A.

doi:10.1007/bf00386022

Cited by 237 publications

(164 citation statements)

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“…The content of lignin was determined using acetyl bromide according to standard methods. 26,27 Detection of Alcohols Produced by Duckweed Biomass Fermentation. The alcohol compounds produced by fermentation were measured with a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

Zhao

Juan

et al. 2014

Energy Fuels

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Duckweed (Lemnaceae) is a family of aquatic plants with potential for use as the next generation of alternative energy feedstocks, yet little related information about producing higher alcohols from duckweed has been published. We investigated the process of producing higher alcohols from duckweed via fermentation. Results showed that these plants have a promising future as the basis for developing biofuels. This could be achieved through fermentation by yeasts, producing not only traditional forms of energy such as ethanol but also higher alcohols with high energy yields through bioconversion by Clostridium acetobutylicum, mutant yeast strains, and bioengineered strains of Escherichia coli. The concentrations of butanol and total solvent produced via fermentation by C. acetobutylicum CICC 8012 were 12.03 and 20.03 g/L using acid hydrolysate of duckweed versus 12.33 and 20.05 g/L using enzymatic hydrolysate. The yields obtained of 24.06 g/L ethanol and 680.36 mg/L of isopentanol from duckweed using acid hydrolysate are 15 times higher than what could be obtained through the fermentation of the mutation of yeast. In addition, we were able to obtain yields of 16.27 mg/L butanol, 24.68 mg/L isopentanol, and 195.85 mg/L pentanol from the acid hydrolysate of duckweed via fermentation by the bioengineered strains of E. coli. Our results illustrated that duckweed represent an ideal fermentation substrate: they require only simple pretreatment, without the need for supplementary nitrogen or strengthening with redox agents. This provides a foundation for further development of industrialized biofuel production using duckweed. ■ INTRODUCTIONGiven the widely recognized unsustainability of depending solely on petroleum for development and environmental problems, increasing efforts have been directed at synthesizing biofuels from renewable resources. 1−3 To date, several such renewable sources of energy have been developed, including ethanol from sugar cane, corn, and cassava and biodiesel from various plant oils such as coconut, palm, and rapeseed, which are also the sources of food for people and livestock. The increasing demand for ethanol and other biofuels could contribute to a global food shortage. Given this concern about the competing uses of resources for "food versus fuel", the rising scarcity and price of fossil fuels, and the need to protect global environmental resources and food security, there is an even greater need to find new, renewable, nonfood sources for biofuel production.The use of agricultural waste or byproducts and nonfood crop sources as cheap fermentation substrates to produce biofuels has high economic appeal. 4 Among nonfood crops, duckweed, a family of fast-growing, floating species that represent the world's smallest and simplest flowering plants, has been proposed as an inexpensive, sustainable source of plant biomass for producing biofuels. 5 There are many advantages to using duckweed in this regard, compared to other starch feedstocks such as corn and cassava. 6 First, duckweed h...

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

Zhao

Juan

et al. 2014

Energy Fuels

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“…The lignin content was determined by the acetyl bromide method (Iiyama and Wallis 1988). Small wood samples were prepared from the core samples with a sliding microtome.…”

Section: Lignin Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hybrid (Yahya et al 2010), 29.3 % for E. grandis (Dutt and Tyagi 2011), 27.5% for E. regnans (Iiyama and Wallis 1988), and 33.2 % for E. urophylla (Dutt and Tyagi 2011), for an average lignin content of commercial pulpwood from fast-growing trees ranging from about 25 to 30%. As shown in Table 4, the lignin content of the two Macaranga species studied here was similar or somewhat lower values than previously reported for other fast-growing tree species used for pulpwood production.…”

Section: Lignin Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood properties related to pulp and paper quality in two <i>Macaranga</i> species naturally regenerated in secondary forests, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Takeuchi

Wahyudi

Aiso

et al. 2016

Tropics

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The utilization of wood resources from unutilized fast-growing tree species found in secondary forests was investigated by studying the wood properties, including anatomical characteristics, of two Macaranga species-M. bancana and M. pearsonii-growing naturally in secondary forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Several wood properties related to pulp and paper quality were also evaluated, including the Runkel ratio, Luce＇s shape factor, flexibility coefficient, slenderness ratio, solid factor, and wall coverage ratio. The mean basic density of these two species ranged from 0.23 to 0.31 g cm , while the mean values of vessel diameter, vessel element length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, and fiber length ranged from 126 to 192 µm, 0.88 to 1.19 mm, 24.5 to 29.8 µm, 0.99 to 1.14 µm, and 1.42 to 1.69 mm, respectively. The lignin content of M. bancana and M. pearsonii wood was 27.2 and 28.0%, respectively. Almost all wood properties related to pulp quality showed better values than those reported for Acacia and Eucalyptus species, although sheet density of paper might be lower due to higher solids factor and possibility of occurrence of vessel picking was probably higher due to longer vessel element length and larger vessel diameter. Based on the results, the wood from these two Macaranga species can be used as pulpwood.

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“…Lignin content was measured via modified acetyl bromide procedure adapted from Iiyama and Wallis (1988). In brief, 6 mg of fine-powdered, air-dried cell wall was treated with a mixture of 25% acetyl bromide (v/v inglacial acetic acid) and 0.1 mL of 70% HClO 4 and incubated for 30 min at 70°C.…”

Section: Determination Of Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of lignans and phenolic compounds in cell culture of Linum album by culture filtrate of Fusarium graminearum

Tahsili

Sharifi

Safaie

et al. 2013

Journal of Plant Interactions

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Cell suspension cultures of Linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. have been reported to produce anticancer podophyllotoxin and its related lignans. In the present study, we investigated the effect of culture filtrate of Fusarium graminearumon growth, and lignan and phenolic compounds in L. album cell culture. After 7 days of pre-culture, the cells were treated with 1% (v/v) of the culture filtrate. Cell growth was reduced, while phodophyllotoxin and lariciresinol production was stimulated reaching a maximum 0.0187 mg/g fresh weight (FW) and 0.0136 mg/g FW 5 days after the treatment, respectively. Also, our results provide evidence that the culture filtrate of F. graminearum can be effective on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and phenolic compounds.

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An improved acetyl bromide procedure for determining lignin in woods and wood pulps

Cited by 237 publications

References 6 publications

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

Use of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) as a Fermentation Substrate for the Production of Higher Alcohols as Biofuels

Wood properties related to pulp and paper quality in two <i>Macaranga</i> species naturally regenerated in secondary forests, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Induction of lignans and phenolic compounds in cell culture of Linum album by culture filtrate of Fusarium graminearum

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