An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan

Rekavandi, Hamid Omrani; Sauer, Eberhard; Wilkinson, T. J.; Tamak, E Safari; Ainslie, Roger; Mahmoudi, M.; Griffiths, Seren; Ershadi, M; Rensburg, Julian Jansen van; Fattahi, Morteza; Ratcliffe, J; Nokandeh, Jebrael; Nazifi, Amin; Thomas, Richard M.; Gale, Rowena; Hoffmann, Birgitta

doi:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864721

Cited by 41 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Archaeological investigations have been undertaken on the Gorgan Plain since the late 1800s, and as such, a vast number of archaeological sites and landscape features have been recorded representing settlements from the prehistoric through to the more recent times (Abbasi, 2011; Arne, 1945; De Morgan, 1902; Kiani, 1982; Nokandeh et al, 2006; Omrani Rekavandi et al, 2007, 2008; Schmidt, 1940; Shiomi, 1976, 1978; Wilkinson et al, 2013) (Figure 1b). Our understanding of long-term settlement development and land use in the plain, however, is limited by the lack of an absolutely dated stratified ceramic assemblage from any one site, as well as incomplete publication, or accessibility of the material (see Thornton (2013) for a discussion of this problem for the prehistoric periods).…”

Section: Archaeological Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

et al. 2016

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Section: Archaeological Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

et al. 2016

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“…The formation of Nim-mardān Bay (Mostowfi, 1999) could possibly be linked to this rapid sea-level rise that is reflected in the study of Kakroodi et al (2012) as a shell-bearing layer. The successive transgressions of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are also recorded in the Anzali Spit as two different horizons of shell-bearing sands (Naderi Beni et al, 2013), as well as in Dagestan (Kroonenberg et al, 2007), the Gorgān Wall (Rekavandi et al, 2007) and Gomishān . According to the historical documents presented in this study, the geological findings in the south CS (Table 7), and other evidence reported by Brückner (1890), Varushchenko et al (1987) and Karpychev (1998Karpychev ( , 2001, in addition to other findings by Komarova (1980) and Gümilev (1980) from other parts of the CS, the sea-level curve could be reconstructed as illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: A Naderi Beni Et Al: Caspian Sea-level Changes During the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caspian sea-level changes during the last millennium: historical and geological evidence from the south Caspian Sea

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Historical literature may constitute a valuable source of information to reconstruct sea-level changes. Here, historical documents and geological records have been combined to reconstruct Caspian sea-level (CSL) changes during the last millennium. In addition to a comprehensive literature review, new data from two short sediment cores were obtained from the south-eastern Caspian coast to identify coastal change driven by water-level changes and to compare the results with other geological and historical findings. The overall results indicate a high-stand during the Little Ice Age, up to −21 m (and extra rises due to manmade river avulsion), with a −28 m low-stand during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, while presently the CSL stands at −26.5 m. A comparison of the CSL curve with other lake systems and proxy records suggests that the main sea-level oscillations are essentially paced by solar irradiance. Although the major controller of the long-term CSL changes is driven by climatological factors, the seismicity of the basin creates local changes in base level. These local base-level changes should be considered in any CSL reconstruction.

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“…During the LIA, the water level was 6 m higher than at present (archaeological and documentary evidences in Brückner, 1890;palaeoenvironments in Leroy et al, 2011). During the early Middle Ages, the water levels were lower by 2-4 m as attested by the numerous walls built by the Sasanian Empire (archaeological and documentary evidences in Brückner, 1890;Omrani et al, 2007). A high stand similar to the LIA has been recorded between 2600 and 2300 cal.…”

Section: In the Late Holocenementioning

confidence: 96%

Lingulodinium machaerophorum expansion over the last centuries in the Caspian Sea reflects global warming

Leroy

Lahijani

Reyss

et al. 2012

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Abstract. We analysed dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in four short sediment cores, two of them dated by radionuclides, taken in the south basin of the Caspian Sea. The interpretation of the four sequences is supported by a collection of 27 lagoonal or marine surface sediment samples. A sharp increase in the biomass of the dinocyst occurs after 1967, especially owing to Lingulodinium machaerophorum. Considering nine other cores covering parts or the whole of Holocene, this species started to develop in the Caspian Sea only during the last three millennia. By analysing instrumental data and collating existing reconstructions of sea level changes over the last few millennia, we show that the main forcing of the increase of L. machaerophorum percentages and of the recent dinocyst abundance is global climate change, especially sea surface temperature increase. Sea level fluctuations likely have a minor impact. We argue that the Caspian Sea has entered the Anthropocene.

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An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Caspian sea-level changes during the last millennium: historical and geological evidence from the south Caspian Sea

<i>Lingulodinium machaerophorum</i> expansion over the last centuries in the Caspian Sea reflects global warming

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An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Caspian sea-level changes during the last millennium: historical and geological evidence from the south Caspian Sea

&lt;i&gt;Lingulodinium machaerophorum&lt;/i&gt; expansion over the last centuries in the Caspian Sea reflects global warming

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<i>Lingulodinium machaerophorum</i> expansion over the last centuries in the Caspian Sea reflects global warming