An Immunity (QL3) Breaking Strain of Sorghum Mosaic Potyvirus in India

Abstract

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) line Tx2786 is immune to strains or isolates of sorghum mosaic potyvirus (SrMV strains SCH and SCH) but susceptible to strains of maize dwarf mosaic (MDMV) and sugarcane mosaic (SCMV) potyviruses (1,2). When grown in proximity to sugarcane, Tx2786 was infected with a virus that caused mosaic and necrotic symptoms during the postrainy season of 1994 (14 to 30°C) at Parbhani (Maharashtra, India). Leaf-dip electron microscopy performed on virus-infected sorghum and sugarcane tissues revealed particles, 720 × 12 nm, typical of a potyvirus. A potyvirus isolate (designated IBS) was readily transmitted mechanically from field-infected sorghum (Tx2786) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum cv. Co.740) to 18 glasshouse-grown sorghum inbred lines. All sorghum lines (QL-3 from India and Tx2786), including those resistant to SrMV, SCMV, MDMV, and johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus (JGMV), were infected. IBS caused necrosis in Cargill-40, Hegari, PI-35038, RTx09, Tx2786, QL-3 from India, and Redlan lines and mosaic symptoms in RTx430, SA-394, Atlas, Martin, BTx3048, Caprock, NM-31, QL-11, SCO-175-14E, Rio, and BTx623 lines. Sorghum reactions to sorghum and sugarcane virus isolates were similar. IBS also infected maize (Zea mays cv. African Tall), johnsongrass (S. halepense cv. 81, symptomless infection), and sorghum (S. bicolor cv. CS-3541) but not prosomillet (Panicum miliaceum), fingermillet (Eleusine coracana cv. IE-2540), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides cv. NHB-3), or oat (Avena sativa cv. Kent) when sap transmitted. IBS also was transmitted by the corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) in a nonpersistent manner from sorghum and sugarcane to all 18 sorghum lines in a glasshouse. Based on direct antigen-coating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA), serologically specific electron microscopy, and Western blot tests, IBS was serologically related to SrMV strains SCH and SCI (2–4) but not to MDMV strains A, D, and E; SCMV strains A, B, D, SC, and MDB; or JGMV type strain from Australia and strain O from Texas (2). IBS induced formation of cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions consisting of pinwheels associated with long, straight, laminated aggregates (subdivision type II) in sorghum and sugarcane host cells. Purified IBS contained one major polypeptide of 40 kDa and a ribonucleic acid of 3.0 × 106 Da. Polyclonal antiserum to IBS was produced in rabbits and used in DAC-ELISA to confirm the identity of IBS in sugarcane, sorghum lines, and other test plant species. On the basis of biological and serological properties, IBS isolated from field-infected sorghum grain Tx2786 and sugarcane cv. Co.740 is identified as an immunity (QL3) breaking strain of SrMV (SrMV-IBS). References: (1) L. M. Giorda et al. Plant Dis. 70:624, 1986. (2) D. D. Shukla et al. Phytopathology 79: 223, 1989. (3) D. D. Shukla et al. 1998. AAB Description of Plant Viruses No. 359. AAB, Kew, Surrey, England. (4) Z. N. Yang and T. E. Mirkov. Phytopathology 87:932, 1997.

Identification of a virus naturally infecting sorghum in India as Sugarcane streak mosaic virus

“…Initially, the causal virus was suspected to be SrMV reported previously by Mali (1999). The present sorghum virus isolate was readily sap transmissible to sorghum plants under experimental conditions.…”

“…Sorghum red stripe virus (SRSV), reported to infect various grain sorghum cultivars in the Parbhani and Marthwada regions of Maharashtra state in India, induces mosaic, red stripes and general necrosis on sorghum (Mali 2001). Occurrence of SrMV is limited but this virus is thought to infect sorghum in India (Mali 1999). Many of these mosaic diseases on sorghum in India caused by viruses were reported earlier, but none of the causal viruses have been characterized at the molecular level.…”