An Immune-Related Gene Pairs Signature Predicts Prognosis and Immune Heterogeneity in Glioblastoma

Abstract

PurposeGlioblastoma is one of the most aggressive nervous system neoplasms. Immunotherapy represents a hot spot and has not been included in standard treatments of glioblastoma. So in this study, we aim to filtrate an immune-related gene pairs (IRGPs) signature for predicting survival and immune heterogeneity.MethodsWe used gene expression profiles and clinical information of glioblastoma patients in the TCGA and CGGA datasets, dividing into discovery and validation cohorts. IRGPs significantly correlative with prognosis were selected to conduct an IRGPs signature. Low and high risk groups were separated by this IRGPs signature. Univariate and multivariate cox analysis were adopted to check whether risk can be a independent prognostic factor. Immune heterogeneity between different risk groups was analyzed via immune infiltration and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Some different expressed genes between groups were selected to determine their relationship with immune cells and immune checkpoints.ResultsWe found an IRGPs signature consisting of 5 IRGPs. Different risk based on IRGPs signature is a independent prognostic factor both in the discovery and validation cohorts. High risk group has some immune positive cells and more immune repressive cells than low risk group by means of immune infiltration. We discovered some pathways are more active in the high risk group, leading to immune suppression, drug resistance and tumor evasion. In two specific signaling, some genes are over expressed in high risk group and positive related to immune repressive cells and immune checkpoints, which indicate aggression and immunotherapy resistance.ConclusionWe identified a robust IRGPs signature to predict prognosis and immune heterogeneity in glioblastoma patients. Some potential targets and pathways need to be further researched to make different patients benefit from personalized immunotherapy.

MiR-760 exerts a critical regulatory role in glioma proliferation, migration, and invasion by modulating MMP2 expression

“…Glioma is the most prevalent kind of cancer of the nervous system 19 , 20 . Glioma, particularly high-grade glioma, has a poor prognosis 21 .…”

A 25 Immune-Related Gene Pair Signature Predicts Overall Survival in Cervical Cancer

“…The IRGP prognosis signature has been widely used in many cancer studies, in particular in hepatocellular carcinoma 6 and osteosarcoma. 7 Moreover, all of them were verified using data in the databases; and the only shortcoming was that these studies were not experimentally verified.…”

“… 3 Moreover, a 14 IRG-based prognostic model was constructed for overall survival (OS) prediction in gastric cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and ImmPort databases. 5 Other immune-related signatures have also been identified for several malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, 6 osteosarcoma, 7 ovarian carcinoma 8 and colorectal cancer. 9 …”

“…3 Moreover, a 14 IRG-based prognostic model was constructed for overall survival (OS) prediction in gastric cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and ImmPort databases. 5 Other immune-related signatures have also been identified for several malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, 6 osteosarcoma, 7 ovarian carcinoma 8 and colorectal cancer. 9 In the present study, we generated an IRGP signature by combining RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data and clinical findings of CC cases from TCGA and verifying them using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO).…”