“…generic title applies to the fundamental problems of pattern recognition which involves the unsupervised and supervised versions of machine learning such as clustering and classification. Papers relating to clustering[159,89,48,156,178,19,36,16,41,35,24,49,36,16] and classification[233,139,81,30,241,234,50,186,173,73,194,67,163,159,247,150,34] have been separated out from the general learning topic as subcategories relating particularly to comparing AIS-based clustering and classification algorithms against conventional techniques. In this context, the relevant papers are primarily interested in formalizing novel clustering or classification algorithms that are subsequently applied on benchmark datasets in order to be compared against state of the art algorithms.…”