“…As image resolution usually increases due to the significant improvement of digital imaging techniques, the local intensity probability distribution of each patch in the input image needs to be individually estimated. This, in turn, will result in improved effectiveness of the related image processing algorithms, such as data hiding and watermarking (Guo, 2007;Lee et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2014;Guo et al, 2008;, video quality analysis (Huang, 2011), face detection (Guo et al, 2011), image classification , contrast enhancement , traffic monitoring , motion detection (Huang et al, 2014), and so on.…”