An Image-Based Method for Measuring Strabismus in Virtual Reality

Design and assessment of amblyopia, strabismus, and myopia treatment and vision training using virtual reality

“…Applications were either re-designed, deploying existing VR products, or new systems were created afresh including the Viston-VRTM system, 85 NeuroDotVR, 70 and a VR-based experimental protype. 91 Novel applications to measure myopia and ocular deviation were proposed by Nesaratnam et al, 75 Maiello et al, 81 Mehringer et al, 78 Miao et al, 76 and Yeh et al 77 The traditional methodology was re-designed and applied in VR, where promising results were reported. Studies by Eastgate et al, 83 Waddingham et al, 84 Cleary et al, 86 Herbison et al, 87 Herbison et al, 88 and Rajavi et al 49 used existing systems such as the I-BiT system with new applications developed and deployed to study its compatibility with the I-BiT system.…”

“…Oculus Rift was used by Nesaratnam et al, 75 Turnbull & Phillips, 82 Žiak et al, 16 Halička et al, 55 Jiménez-Rodríguez et al, 56 Jhangian et al, 58 and Godinez et al 80 This kind of headset provided VR experience without considering space constraints as the headset was a wireless type. HTC Vive was used by Hurd et al, 53 Martín et al, 68 Mehringer et al, 78 Lin & Chou 57 and Panfili et al, 65 while HTC Vive Pro Eye was used by Yeh et al 77 Although the HTC Vive series headsets were wire-connected, they provided high-resolution images while eye tracking functions were found with the Pro Eye model. FOVE was used by Esfahlani et al, 52 Miao et al, 76 and Chung et al 90 It provided eye tracking functions with a wireless google.…”

“… 82 Furthermore, some tests were designed for amblyopia and strabismus as assessment and training. 68 , 69 , 75 – 78 They include deviation assessment, dichoptic nonius target alignment, with an alternate prism cover test (APCT) redesigned in VR context. The results were tabulated and can be used in assisting further clinical diagnosis.…”

“…Under this training, both eyes were forced to cooperate with each other in order to properly align the target and background. For several measurement and test-based VR applications, 68 , 75 – 78 binocular imbalance test (3/48, 6.25%), vergence measurement (2/48, 4.17%), ocular alignment test (2/48, 4.17%), strabismus test and measure (3/4, 6.25%), and stereopsis recovery (1/48, 2.08%) were applied.…”