An <i>STE12</i> gene identified in the mycorrhizal fungus <i>Glomus intraradices</i> restores infectivity of a hemibiotrophic plant pathogen

Tollot, Marie; Hoi, Joanne Wong Sak; Tuinen, Diederik van; Arnould, Christine; Chatagnier, Odile; Dumas, Bernard; Gianinazzi‐Pearson, Vivienne; Seddas, Pascale

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02696.x

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…They are designated Ste12-like factors since they contain two C-terminally located tightly linked C 2 H 2 zinc fingers, which are absent in yeast Ste12p. The recent identification of an STE12-like gene from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices suggests a very ancient origin of this gene family in the fungal kingdom (46). It also supports the intriguing line of thought that these proteins have been recruited to serve as molecular switches to allow the environmental adaptation of various fungi with a wide range of developmental modes and ecological niches.…”

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confidence: 56%

“…Recently, an STE12 homolog, GINSTE, was identified in the mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices. GINSTE complements the yeast Ste12 mutant and allows the restoration of infectivity of an Ste12-like mutant of the plant pathogen C. lindemuthianum (46). While the precise role of GinSte in symbiosis remains to be elucidated, these findings suggest that Ste12-regulated mechanisms are very ancient and conserved in distantly related fungi.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Ste12 and Ste12-Like Proteins, Fungal Transcription Factors Regulating Development and Pathogenicity

2010

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2Ste12 and Ste12-like proteins are transcription factors found exclusively in the fungal kingdom. In the yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the first member was identified, Ste12p was shown to regulate mating and invasive/pseudohyphal growth. In recent literature, there have been several reports of Ste12-like factors in multiple fungal systems, yeasts or filamentous fungi, with saprophytic or parasitic life-styles. In all these models, Ste12 and Ste12-like factors are involved in the regulation of fungal development and pathogenicity. In this review, we discuss the features, the regulation, and the role of Ste12 and Ste12-like factors by highlighting the similarities and dissimilarities that occur within this group.

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confidence: 56%

Section: Concluding Remarks and Outlookmentioning

confidence: 86%

Ste12 and Ste12-Like Proteins, Fungal Transcription Factors Regulating Development and Pathogenicity

2010

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“…After Fus3 is activated, it enters the nucleus and phosphorylates Ste12, a mating-type-specific transcription factor, as well as two regulators of Ste12, Dig1 and Dig2 (Blackwell et al 2007). Activated Ste12 regulates the expression of many genes involved in the mating process, both indirectly and directly by binding pheromone response elements in target promoters (Zeitlinger et al 2003).Ste12-like proteins have also been studied in filamentous fungi, where they play essential roles in development and pathogenicity (Alspaugh et al 1998;Vallim et al 2000;Borneman et al 2001;Park et al 2002;Tsuji et al 2003;Li et al 2005;Nolting and Poggeler 2006;Ren et al 2006;Tollot et al 2009;Rispail and Di Pietro 2010;Wong Sak Hoi and Dumas 2010). Fus3-like proteins in filamentous fungi could directly or indirectly phosphorylate Ste12-like proteins, but this has not yet been shown in any system.…”

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Early Colony Establishment in Neurospora crassa Requires a MAP Kinase Regulatory Network

Leeder¹,

Jonkers²,

Li³

et al. 2013

Genetics

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Vegetative fusion is essential for the development of an interconnected colony in many filamentous fungi. In the ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, vegetative fusion occurs between germinated conidia (germlings) via specialized structures termed "conidial anastomosis tubes" (CATs) and between hyphae within a mature colony. In N. crassa, both CAT and hyphal fusion are under the regulation of a conserved MAP kinase cascade (NRC1, MEK2, and MAK2). Here we show that the predicted downstream target of the MAK2 kinase pathway, a Ste12-like transcription factor known as PP1, regulates elements required for CAT and hyphal fusion. The PP1 regulatory network was revealed by expression profiling of wild type and the Dpp-1 mutant during conidial germination and colony establishment. To identify targets required for cell fusion more specifically, expression-profiling differences were assessed via inhibition of MAK2 kinase activity during chemotropic interactions and cell fusion. These approaches led to the identification of new targets of the cell fusion pathway that, when mutated, showed alterations in chemotropic signaling and cell fusion. In particular, conidial germlings carrying a deletion of NCU04732 (Dham-11) failed to show chemotropic interactions and cell fusion. However, signaling (as shown by oscillation of MAK2 and SO to CAT tips), chemotropism, and cell fusion were restored in Dham-11 germlings when matched with wild-type partner germlings. These data reveal novel insights into the complex process of self-signaling, germling fusion, and colony establishment in filamentous fungi. CELL fusion between genetically identical cells is important in development (for example, myoblast fusion during muscle formation) and occurs in many multicellular organisms from simple ascomycete fungi to mammals (Chen et al. 2007;Aguilar et al. 2013). Cell fusion between genetically identical cells can be mediated by cells that have differentiated, but in some cases, also between cells in an identical developmental state, for example, cell fusion between germinating asexual spores (conidia) of filamentous fungi (Pandey et al. 2004;Roca et al. 2005a;Read et al. 2010). In filamentous fungi, these fusions are integral to the formation of an interconnected hyphal network, which mediates genetic mixing and the sharing of resources (Simonin et al. 2012;Roper et al. 2013). How this process is initiated and maintained and what proteins are involved are still mostly unknown.In filamentous ascomycete fungi, a conserved MAP kinase pathway that is involved in pheromone response and mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ste11, Ste7, and Fus3) (Bardwell 2005) is required for cell fusion and heterokaryon formation during vegetative growth (Hou et al. 2002;Wei et al. 2003;Pandey et al. 2004;Fu et al. 2011;Jun et al. 2011;Dettmann et al. 2012). This conserved pathway also plays a role in sexual development and secondary metabolism and is required for the virulence of both plant and animal fungal pathogens (Roman et al. 2007;Rispail and Di Piet...

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“…Although there are an increasing number of studies on specifi c fungal genes, the genetic traits that discriminate an AM fungus from an EM fungus or a pathogen are currently unknown. Interestingly, a G. intraradices gene , STE12-like , complements a non-invasive mutant of the pathogenic Colletotrichum lindemuthianum , restoring its infectivity 42 . Similarly, a gene encoding an Era-like GTPase in the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and required for virulence was found to be similar to the Gin-N protein from G. intraradices 43 .…”

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Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis

2010

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Mycorrhizal fungi are a heterogeneous group of diverse fungal taxa, associated with the roots of over 90 % of all plant species. Recently, state-of-the-art molecular and genetic tools, coupled to high-throughput sequencing and advanced microscopy, have led to the genome and transcriptome analysis of several symbionts. Signalling pathways between plants and fungi have now been described and the identifi cation of several novel nutrient transporters has revealed some of the cellular processes that underlie symbiosis. Thus, the contributions of each partner in a mycorrhizal association are starting to be unravelled. This new knowledge is now available for use in agricultural practices.O wing to their fi lamentous organization, fungi exploit very diverse substrates on the basis of their nutritional strategy. Saprobes thrive in soil, water and on decaying animal and plant tissues. A smaller group of fungi, the parasitic and mutualistic symbionts, feed on living organisms 1 . Such a classifi cation cannot easily be applied to mycorrhizal fungi, a heterogeneous group of species spread over diverse fungal taxa. Although they can spend part of their life cycle as free-living organisms, mycorrhizal fungi always associate with the roots of higher plants, indeed over 90 % of plant species, including forest trees, wild grasses and many crops. Both partners benefi t from the relationship: mycorrhizal fungi improve the nutrient status of their host plants, infl uencing mineral nutrition, water absorption, growth and disease resistance, whereas in exchange, the host plant is necessary for fungal growth and reproduction 2 .Mycorrhizal fungi colonize environments such as alpine and boreal zones, tropical forests, grasslands and croplands. Th ey have a major role in nutrient cycling through the specifi c activity of their mycelium in absorbing soil nutrients and supplying them to the plant, although their role in carbon fl ux is less well defi ned 3 .Th e term mycorrhiza is derived from the Greek words for ' fungus ' and ' root ' . Mycorrhizal fungi develop an extensive hyphal network in the soil, the aptly named wood-wide web 4 , which can connect whole plant communities off ering effi cient horizontal transfer of nutrients. Mycorrhizas develop specialized areas, called symbiotic interfaces, to interact with the host plant 5 -7 . Mycorrhizal fungi can be divided into two major groups: aseptate endophytes such as Glomeromycota, or septate Asco-and Basidiomycota (see Box 1 Glossary) 2 . More commonly, mycorrhiza classifi cations refl ect anatomical aspects and identify two broad categories 2 , referred to as ectomycorrhizas (EMs) and endomycorrhizas, depending on whether the fungus colonizes the root intercellular spaces or develops inside cells ( Fig. 1 ). Endomycorrhizas are further divided into orchid, ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs).A descriptive approach has dominated the investigation of mycorrhizas for at least 50 years until the advent of molecular biology, and the ' omics ' era provided insight into their mechanis...

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An STE12 gene identified in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices restores infectivity of a hemibiotrophic plant pathogen

Cited by 23 publications

References 81 publications

Ste12 and Ste12-Like Proteins, Fungal Transcription Factors Regulating Development and Pathogenicity

Ste12 and Ste12-Like Proteins, Fungal Transcription Factors Regulating Development and Pathogenicity

Early Colony Establishment in Neurospora crassa Requires a MAP Kinase Regulatory Network

Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis

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