An. gambiae s.l. exhibit high intensity pyrethroid resistance throughout Southern and Central Mali (2016-2018); PBO or next generation LLINs may provide greater control

Abstract

Background: Millions of pyrethroid LLINs have been distributed in Mali during the past 20 years which, along with agricultural use, has increased the selection pressure on malaria vector populations. This study investigated pyrethroid resistance intensity and susceptible status of malaria vectors to alternative insecticides to guide choice of insecticides for LLINs and IRS for effective control of malaria vectors.Methods: For 3 years between 2016 and 2018, susceptibility testing was conducted annually in 14-16 sites covering southern and central Mali. Anopheles gambiae s.l. were collected from larval sites and adult mosquitoes exposed in WHO tube tests to diagnostic doses of bendiocarb (0.1%) and pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%). Resistance intensity tests were conducted using CDC bottle bioassays (2016-17) and WHO tube tests (2018) at 1×, 2×, 5×, and 10× the diagnostic concentration of permethrin, deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. WHO tube tests were conducted with pre-exposure to the synergist PBO followed by permethrin or deltamethrin. Chlorfenapyr was tested in CDC bottle bioassays at 100µg active ingredient per bottle and clothianidin at 2% in WHO tube tests. PCR was performed to identify species within the An. gambiae complex.Results: In all sites An. gambiae s.l. showed high intensity resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin in CDC bottle bioassay tests in 2016 and 2017. In 2018, WHO intensity tests resulted in survivors at all sites for permethrin, deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin when tested at 10× the diagnostic dose. Across all sites mean mortality was 33.7% with permethrin (0.75%) compared with 71.8% when pre-exposed to PBO (4%), representing a 2.13 fold increase in mortality. A similar trend was recorded for deltamethrin. There was susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl, chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in all surveyed sites, including current IRS sites in Mopti Region. An. coluzzii was the primary species in 4 of 6 regions.Conclusions: Widespread high intensity pyrethroid resistance was recorded during 2016-18 and is likely to compromise the effectiveness of pyrethroid LLINs in Mali. PBO or chlrofenapyr LLINs should provide improved control of An. gambiae s.l. Clothianidin and pirimiphos-methyl insecticides are currently being used for IRS as part of a rotation strategy based on susceptibility being confirmed in this study.

High level of resistance in Anopheles arabiensis mosquito to pyrethroid insecticides from low malaria transmission zone of Moroto district, Karamoja region, Uganda: Implication for malaria vector control

“…WHO recommend organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates for control of malaria vectors, among which pyrethroids are the only WHO prequali ed insecticides for LLINs, and are also extensively used for IRS due to their low cost, human safety and long duration of residual action [4]. However, there are other novel pyrolle and neonicotinoid insecticide compounds like pyrolle chlorfenapyr and neonicotinoid clothianidin that are used in LLINS and IRS in combination with pyrethroids and all have different mode of actions [7][8][9] The LLINs and IRS are widely promoted and implemented as public health intervention tool for malaria control in most malaria-endemic countries including Uganda [10]. In most of Uganda, LLINs is selectively implemented in the different regions, with an average operational coverage of over 95% [11].…”