An FPGA-based track finder for the L1 trigger of the CMS experiment at the high luminosity LHC

Amstutz, C.; Ball, F.; Balzer, M.; Brooke, J. J.; Calligaris, L.; Cieri, D.; Clément, E.; Hall, G.; Harbaum, Tanja; Harder, K.; Hobson, P. R.; Iles, G.; James, T.; Manolopoulos, K.; Matsushita, T.; Morton, A.; Newbold, D. M.; Paramesvaran, S.; Pesaresi, M.; Reid, I. D.; Rose, A.; Sander, Oliver; Schuh, T.; Shepherd-Themistocleous, C. H.; Shtipliyski, A.; Summers, S.; Tapper, A.; Tomalin, I. R.; Uchida, K.; Vichoudis, P.; Weber, M.

doi:10.1109/rtc.2016.7543102

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It can be used to find imperfect instances of objects within a space, for example tracks within the map of tracker hits. FPGA firmware has been developed to use a two-dimensional HT to search for primary tracks in the r − φ plane [7]. The parametrisation (q/p T , φ 0 ) is used, where φ 0 is the coordinate of the stub at r = 0, q is the electronic charge, and q/p T is the free parameter.…”

Section: The Hough Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Track Finding for the Level-1 Trigger of the CMS Experiment

James

2018

Springer Proceedings in Physics

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A new tracking system is under development for the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), located at CERN. It includes a silicon tracker that will correlate clusters in two closely spaced sensor layers, for the rejection of hits from low transverse momentum tracks. This will allow tracker data to be read out to the Level-1 trigger at 40 MHz. The Level-1 track-finder must be able to identify tracks with transverse momentum above 2-3 GeV/c within latency constraints. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are identified using a Hough Transform, and then refined with a Kalman Filter. Both steps are fully implemented in FPGA firmware. A hardware system built from MP7 MicroTCA processing cards has been assembled, which demonstrates a realistic slice of the track finder in order to help gauge the performance and requirements for a final system. Abstract. A new tracking system is under development for the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), located at CERN. It includes a silicon tracker that will correlate clusters in two closely spaced sensor layers, for the rejection of hits from low transverse momentum tracks. This will allow tracker data to be read out to the Level-1 trigger at 40 MHz. The Level-1 track-finder must be able to identify tracks with transverse momentum above 2-3 GeV/c within latency constraints. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are identified using a Hough Transform, and then refined with a Kalman Filter. Both steps are fully implemented in FPGA firmware. A hardware system built from MP7 MicroTCA processing cards has been assembled, which demonstrates a realistic slice of the track finder in order to help gauge the performance and requirements for a final system.

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Section: The Hough Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Track Finding for the Level-1 Trigger of the CMS Experiment

James

2018

Springer Proceedings in Physics

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“…In this paper we propose the concept of a scalable, configurable and redundant system architecture based on a fully time-multiplexed design [12,13]. In a general system with limited processing -6 -bandwidth, data from multiple sources (e.g., detector readout elements) within a single event can be buffered and transmitted over a long time period to a single processor node.…”

Section: An Fpga Based Track Finding Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

An FPGA based track finder for the L1 trigger of the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC

et al. 2017

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A: A new tracking detector is under development for use by the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A crucial requirement of this upgrade is to provide the ability to reconstruct all charged particle tracks with transverse momentum above 2-3 GeV within 4 µs so they can be used in the Level-1 trigger decision. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are reconstructed using a projective binning algorithm based on the Hough Transform, followed by a combinatorial Kalman Filter. A hardware demonstrator using MP7 processing boards has been assembled to prove the entire system functionality, from the output of the tracker readout boards to the reconstruction of tracks with fitted helix parameters. It successfully operates on one eighth of the tracker solid angle acceptance at a time, processing events taken at 40 MHz, each with up to an average of 200 superimposed proton-proton interactions, whilst satisfying the latency requirement. The demonstrated trackreconstruction system, the chosen architecture, the achievements to date and future options for such a system will be discussed.

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“…Based on simulation results this is the most efficient way to ensure a sufficiently good granularity and precise track candidate identification, while taking into account possible misalignments due to the hit resolution of the tracker modules. The method for finding tracks with the HT is the following: i) For each stub position in the (r, φ) we calculate the corresponding straight line using the equation described in [9]. ii) A bend measurement embedded in stub data that corresponds to the distance between hits of the upper and lower sensor modules, is used as a rough estimate of the particle's p T .…”

Section: B Hough Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identify valid track candidates that correspond to cells of the track parameter array containing stubs from at least five different detector layers. A detailed description of the Hough Transform architecture can be found in [9].…”

Section: B Hough Transformmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel FPGA-based track reconstruction approach for the level-1 trigger of the CMS experiment at CERN

Aggleton

Perez

Ball

et al. 2017

2017 27th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)

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Abstract-The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN is scheduled for a major upgrade in the next decade in order to meet the demands of the new High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Amongst others, a new tracking system is under development including an outer tracker capable of rejecting low transverse momentum particles by looking at the coincidences of hits (stubs) in two closely spaced sensor layers in the same tracker module. Accepted stubs are transmitted off-detector for further processing at 40 MHz. In order to maintain under the increased luminosity the Level-1 trigger rate at 750 kHz, tracker data need to be included in the decision making process. For this purpose, a system architecture has to be developed that will be able to identify particles with transverse momentum above 3 GeV/c by building tracks out of stubs, while achieving an overall processing latency of maximum 4us. Targeting these requirements the current paper presents an FPGA-based track finding architecture that identifies track candidates in real-time and bases its functionality on a fully time-multiplexed approach. As a proof of concept, a hardware system has been assembled targeting the MP7 MicroTCA processing card that features a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA, demonstrating a realistic slice of the track finder. The paper discusses the algorithms' implementation and the efficient utilisation of the available FPGA resources, it outlines the system architecture, and presents some of the hardware demonstrator results.

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An FPGA-based track finder for the L1 trigger of the CMS experiment at the high luminosity LHC

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Track Finding for the Level-1 Trigger of the CMS Experiment

Track Finding for the Level-1 Trigger of the CMS Experiment

An FPGA based track finder for the L1 trigger of the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC

A novel FPGA-based track reconstruction approach for the level-1 trigger of the CMS experiment at CERN

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