An Eye Tracking Investigation of Pain Decoding Based on Older and Younger Adults’ Facial Expressions

Abstract

Nonverbal pain cues such as facial expressions, are useful in the systematic assessment of pain in people with dementia who have severe limitations in their ability to communicate. Nonetheless, the extent to which observers rely on specific pain-related facial responses (e.g., eye movements, frowning) when judging pain remains unclear. Observers viewed three types of videos of patients expressing pain (younger patients, older patients without dementia, older patients with dementia) while wearing an eye tracker device that recorded their viewing behaviors. They provided pain ratings for each patient in the videos. These observers assigned higher pain ratings to older adults compared to younger adults and the highest pain ratings to patients with dementia. Pain ratings assigned to younger adults showed greater correspondence to objectively coded facial reactions compared to older adults. The correspondence of observer ratings was not affected by the cognitive status of target patients as there were no differences between the ratings assigned to older adults with and without dementia. Observers’ percentage of total dwell time (amount of time that an observer glances or fixates within a defined visual area of interest) across specific facial areas did not predict the correspondence of observers’ pain ratings to objective coding of facial responses. Our results demonstrate that patient characteristics such as age and cognitive status impact the pain decoding process by observers when viewing facial expressions of pain in others.

Generating 3D Virtual Human Animation Based on Facial Expression and Human Posture Captured by Dual Cameras

“…e three-axis zero bias error u x , u y , u z and the three-axis hard magnetic error h x , h y , h z also have the same form. Although all error factors have corresponding meanings in the previous analysis, the purpose of magnetic sensor error compensation is to obtain the ideal value of geomagnetic field intensity through the measured value of triaxial magnetometer under interference [18]. erefore, the above parameters can be regarded as unknowns.…”

Perception of typical migraine images on the internet: Comparison between a metropolis and a smaller rural city in Germany

“…Images depicting older models yielded significantly higher society, realism, and representation scores. It has been previously observed that expressions of pain in older faces lead to higher pain ratings compared to those of younger faces [38][39][40]. Participants in our study may have perceived the images with older models as having more pain, and thus as more realistic and representative of their own headache.…”