An eye-tracking and visual analogue scale attractiveness evaluation of black space between the maxillary central incisors

Abstract

Objective: To study the influence of black space between the maxillary central incisors on the aesthetic visual perception of the face, via eye-tracking and visual analogue scale (VAS). Methods: Black space between the central incisors was created, for both sexes, as follows: control, 1-mm black space, 2-mm black space and 3-mm black space. Ninety raters participated in this study, divided into three groups: 30 laypeople, 30 nonorthodontists, and 30 orthodontists. After the visual calibration of each observer, eight photographs were presented in the Ogama® software concomitant with the use of the hardware The Eye Tribe®. Ogama generated information depending on the eye-tracking of each rater, regarding the time until the first fixation, time of fixation, heatmap, scanpath, and total time of fixation, to evaluate the areas deemed to be of interest according to the raters. Later on, the VAS was used, where each rater evaluated the images in an album on a scale of zero to 10 points. Results: The eyes and mouth were the areas more often noticed by the raters according to the heatmaps, while no significant difference was observed in time until the first fixation between the three groups of raters (p> 0.05). However, regarding the time of fixation on the mouth, a significant difference was observed (p< 0.05) when comparing the three groups. Conclusion: Black space has a negative effect on the aesthetic perception of the face. The amount of attention on the mouth is correspondent to the size of the black space.

The Use of Eye-Tracking Technology in Dento-Maxillofacial Esthetics: A Systematic Review

“…Furthermore, 25 of the 41 included studies had used both the eye-tracking methods and the questionnaire. Supplemental Digital Content 1, Table 1 (http://links.lww.com/SCS/F877) 6–29 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies.…”

“…Data were analyzed using analysis of variance or t- tests in the majority of the studies. The characteristics of the AOIs/ROIs are summarized in Supplemental Digital Content 1, Table 2 (http://links.lww.com/SCS/F877) 6–29 .…”

“…The pooled findings of our study are presented in the Results section and Supplemental Digital Content 1, Tables (http://links.lww.com/SCS/F877). 6–29 This study adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 30 …”

Smile Aesthetic Evaluation on Videographs: An Intra-Rater and Inter-Rater Agreement Study

“…After the frontal shot, the investigator rotated the seat so that the subject was in profile (side position) and then 3 4 positions [10,15].…”

“…The smile of patients is a sign of their satisfaction at the end of the treatments but also of their complexes before care. Several studies have shown that the aesthetics of the smile are a major concern for patients and have a significant impact on facial attractiveness [1][2][3]. Recently, the Smile Esthetic Index (SEI) has been proposed as a reliable and reproducible method to evaluate the aesthetics of a smile using photographs [4,5].…”