An Extensive Examination of the Warning Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Available Therapies, and Prognosis for Lumpy Skin Disease

Abstract

The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their heads, necks, limbs, udders, genitalia, and perinea. A high temperature, a sharp drop in milk supply, discharge from the eyes and nose, salivation, a loss of appetite, depression, damaged hides, and emaciation are further warning signs and symptoms. As per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the incubation period, or the time between an infection and symptoms, is approximately 28 days. Infected animals can transfer the virus by direct contact with the vectors, direct virus secretion from mouth or nose, shared feeding and watering troughs, and even artificial insemination. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO both warn that the spread of illnesses could lead to serious economic losses. This illness reduces cow’s milk production because oral ulcers make the animal weak and lead them to lose their appetite. There are many diagnostics available for LSDV. However, very few tests yield accurate findings. The best methods for preventing and controlling the lumpy skin condition include vaccination and movement restrictions. As a specific cure is not available, the only available treatment for this illness is supportive care for cattle. Recently, India has developed a homologous, live-attenuated vaccine, Lumpi-ProVacInd, which is specifically intended to protect animals against the LSD virus. This study’s primary goal is to accumulate data on symptoms, the most accurate method of diagnosis, treatments, and controls to stop infections from spreading as well as to explore future possibilities for the management of LSDV.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD): Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control

“…GTPV/SPPV-based vaccines have lower efficacy than live attenuated LSD virus vaccines but these vaccines do not cause fever and the appearance of post-vaccination clinical symptoms (Sprygin et al, 2020). Live vaccines are capable of producing a strong and long-lasting immune response and are effective in disease prevention, but these vaccines are capable of causing local inflammation and mild symptoms with skin lesions (Datten et al, 2023).…”

“…However, these results are different from a study conducted by Hakobyan et al (2023) that the heterologous vaccine (sheep poxvirus) used in Armenia provided immunity to the cattle population of 86.09% and did not cause any side effects in the cattle. Some of the factors identified as causing vaccine failure are differences between vaccine strains and virus strains that infect animals in the field, low vaccine titers, vaccination of animals that are temporarily experiencing an incubation period of disease, and errors in vaccine handling and storage (Datten et al, 2023). ).…”

Potential Inhibitors of Lumpy Skin Disease’s Viral Protein (DNA Polymerase): A Combination of Bioinformatics Approaches

“…The virus is most likely spread mechanically by blood-sucking arthropods (flies, mosquitoes, and ticks) and, to a lesser extent, through infected animals' bodily fluids (milk, blood, nasal secretions, and saliva) during feeding or contact [5,7,8]. Affected animals primarily exhibit clinical signs such as fever, nodular skin lesions, dramatic decreases in milk production, and weight loss [9]. The disease infects 5-45% of a herd and kills 0.5-7% of infected animals [10,11].…”

“…QPlogBB-predicted brain/blood partition coefficient (recommended value -3.0 1.2) 8. QPlogHERG-predicted IC50 value for blockage of HERG K+ channels (recommended value, concern below -5) 9. QPlogKp-predicted skin permeability, log Kp (recommended value -8.0 to −1.0) 10.…”

Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species

“…Another interesting review article focused on the advancements in the diagnosis, control, and clinical presentation of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle and buffalos. LSD is a rising concern due to its recent spread through Asian countries, causing significant outbreaks in the region [5]. Senecavirus A (SVA), a swine pathogen, was also shown to infect bovine cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle.…”