An extension of control group design.

Solomon, Richard L.

doi:10.1037/h0062958

Cited by 454 publications

(277 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, completing a pretest may affect the posttest for some interventions and not others. We addressed this with a Solomon "four-group" design (Solomon, 1949) in which participants were randomly assigned to complete the pretest or not. This allows simultaneous examination of within-subjects change and potential testing-related effects on the posttest.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Lai¹,

Marini

Lehr

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

526

482

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Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted seventeen interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in four studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of seventeen interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other nine interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others' perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics. Abstract = 160 words Keywords = attitudes, racial prejudice, implicit social cognition, malleability, Implicit Association Test September 9, 2016 update: We updated this manuscript to fix several minor reporting errors that we have learned about since the publication of the manuscript in August 2014. For a summary of these updates, please see pages 67 and 68. Authors' note:This project was supported by a gift from Project Implicit. Lai and Hawkins are consultants and Nosek is an officer of Project Implicit, Inc., a non-profit organization that includes in its mission "To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors. Thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness shape social perception, judgment and action (Bargh, 1999;Devine, 1989;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Nowhere has this idea been more explored than in studies of racial prejudice in which people report egalitarian racial attitudes, but also implicitly prefer Whites compared to Blacks (Devine, 1989;Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997;Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;. These studies have been influential because implicit racial preferences predict behaviors such as negative interracial contact (McConnell & Leibold, 2001), biases in medical decision-making (Green et al., 2007), and hiring discrimination (Rooth, 2010).From the hundreds of studies conducted, we can conclude that implicit preferences (1) are related to, but distinct from, explicit preferences (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;, (2) are constructed through different mechanisms than explicit preferences (De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, 2009;Ranganath & Nosek, 2008;Ratliff & Nosek, 2011;Rydell & McConnell, 2006), ...

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Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Lai¹,

Marini

Lehr

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

526

482

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…São-especialmente relevantes na experimentação aplicada. Na história cumulativa de nossa metodologia, este grupo de ameaças foi registrado pela primeira vez como critica a experimentos verdadeiros que envolvam teste prévio (Schanck e Goodman, 1939;Solomon, 1949). Tais experimentos forneciam um fundamento legitimo para se generalizar a outras populações previamente testadas, mas as reações ao tratamento daquelas não-submetidas ao teste prévio poderiam ser bem diversas.…”

Section: Experimentos De Campo E Esquemas Quase-experimentaisunclassified

“…Tais experimentos forneciam um fundamento legitimo para se generalizar a outras populações previamente testadas, mas as reações ao tratamento daquelas não-submetidas ao teste prévio poderiam ser bem diversas. Por essa razão preconiza-se experimentos verdadeiros, delineados de forma a dispensar o teste prévio (Campbell, 1~57;Schanck e Goodman, 1939;Solomon, 1949) e uma busca de medidas não-reativas (Webb, Campbell, Schwartz e Sechrest, 1966).…”

Section: Experimentos De Campo E Esquemas Quase-experimentaisunclassified

Reformas encaradas como experimentos

Campbell

1975

Rev. adm. empres.

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“…Thus, a simple pre-and post-test comparison may overestimate the effect of the intervention. The Solomon four-group design can overcome these effects (Solomon, 1949). Although this design has been used in many studies (McCambridge et al, 2011), it has rarely been used in studies assessing the effect of an intervention to reduce SHSe in the home.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a School-based Intervention Program on Attitude and Knowledge of Household Members Towards a Smoke-free Home: a Cluster Controlled Trial

Intarut

Chongsuvivatwong²,

McNeil³

2016

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: A school-based smoke free home (SFH) program is useful in empowering the mother and child to reduce secondhand smoke exposure but the effects of pretesting on knowledge and attitude has been largely ignored. We aimed to test whether such a program can be effective in Southern Thailand with an additional assessment of the net effect of the pretest. Materials and Methods: A Solomon four-group design was used. Twelve rural primary schools were assigned to one of the four conditions (each with 3 schools): intervention with and without a pretest, control with and without the same pretest. The intervention was performed in the classroom and home over a period of 1 month. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the intervention on whether the home was smoke free and related knowledge and attitude. Results: The intervention could lead to a smoke-free home without statistical significance. Attitude, knowledge and self-confidence on creating a smoke-free home, and self-confidence in avoidance of secondhand smoke exposure and persuading smokers to not smoke in their home were significantly improved. No pretest effect was observed. Conclusions: Gain in attitude, knowledge and self-confidence among family members from the brief school-based education should be enhanced by other measures.

show abstract

An extension of control group design.

Cited by 454 publications

References 11 publications

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Reformas encaradas como experimentos

Effects of a School-based Intervention Program on Attitude and Knowledge of Household Members Towards a Smoke-free Home: a Cluster Controlled Trial

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