An exploratory study with the proton microprobe of the ontogenetic distribution of 16 elements in the shell of living oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

Carbonic anhydrase activity and biomineralization process in embryos, larvae and adult blue mussels Mytilus edulis L.

“…Small quantities of mineral quartz were also found in early embryos of M. galloprovincialis (Medaković 1995). It is known that quartz and some other minerals can be incorporated into or "captured" in adult molluscan shell layers during rapid shell growth or as the result of some disturbances in the biomineralization processes (Carriker et al 1982;Medaković 1995). Nevertheless, the presence of this mineral in embryos of both Mytilus species remains to be explained.…”

Cathodoluminescence of Recent biogenic carbonates: environmental and ontogenetic fingerprint

“…It is possible that the lower concentration of the preferred calcium ions increases the incorporation of less desirable ions during shell construction (Rucker & Valentine, 1961). Proton microprobe analyses performed by Carriker, Swann & Ewart (1982) on shells of living oysters (grown under relatively constant environmental conditions in a fibreglass tank) revealed that the relative concentrations of Na Cl, S, Mn, Fe and Zn increased slightly with the age of the oyster and that other elements stayed relatively constant. This phenomenon is comparable to the observations made on P. maximus (Carriker, Swann & Ewart, 1982).…”

“…Proton microprobe analyses performed by Carriker, Swann & Ewart (1982) on shells of living oysters (grown under relatively constant environmental conditions in a fibreglass tank) revealed that the relative concentrations of Na Cl, S, Mn, Fe and Zn increased slightly with the age of the oyster and that other elements stayed relatively constant. This phenomenon is comparable to the observations made on P. maximus (Carriker, Swann & Ewart, 1982). These authors also indicated that a 'continuous enrichment of seawater by addition on the metals Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in the algal nutriment medium probably accelerated uptake of most of these elements in the shell and could explain why Mn, Fe and Zn (though not Cu) increased in concentration in the shell of live oysters over time'.…”

Metals in molluscs and associated bottom sediments of the southern baltic

“…Although use of hard parts as well as soft tissues of molluscs as recorders of metallic pollutions is clearly promising, further research must be performed, according to projectors of ,,Mussel Watch" (Goldberg et al, 1978;Phillips, 1977a, on the effects of various factors on the metal levels in shell. These include ontogenetic metal variations (Carriker et al, 1982}, the interaction of mineral elements in seawater and shell (Carriker et al, 1980b}, the effect of weathering on the elemental composition of shells (Rosenberg, 1980), mineralogy of the shell and heterogeneous distribution of metal in shell layers (Carriker et al, 1980a;Rosenberg, 1980;Wada & Suga, 1976), the proportion of metals adsorbed to the surface and incorporated into the shell matrix (Phillips, 1980}, the influence of environmental metal variations on the active incorporation of metals during shell formation {Pilkey & Harriss, 1966}. Moreover, the effect of other environmental parameters such as temperature and salinity (Pilkey & Goodell, 1963) require further study.…”

“…However, the number of articles on the concentration or distribution of metals in shell material, particularly relating the metal concentration in the soft tissue to that in the shell is scanty (A1- Dabbas et al, 1984;Bertine & Goldberg, 1972;Carriker et al, 1980bCarriker et al, , 1982Chow et al, 1976;Ferrell et al, 1973;Koide et al, 1982;Pilkey & Goodell, 1963, 1964Sturesson, 1976Sturesson, , 1978Wada & Suga, 1976).…”