An exploratory analysis of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances in pet food packaging from the United States

Chinthakindi, Sridhar; Zhu, Hongkai; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.101247

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The lowest calibration level was 5 ng/L in vial, which would correspond to 0.025 ng of PFAS/g of food. Of the 10 matrix blanks analyzed for background levels of PFAS, only frozen corn kernels (corn) had quantifiable levels of PFOA (0.033 ng/g) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 0.035 ng/g), which may have been a result of corn coming into contact with industrial processing equipment (kernel removal from corn cobs, packaging) and/or corn kernels contacting the original packaging. − The background PFOA and PFHxA peaks were confirmed after verifying the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N > 10), retention rime (RT), and response ratio of quantifier and qualifier ions. For PFAS with corresponding isotopically labeled IS, the RT criterion was that the analyte and IS RTs must not differ by more than 0.1 min.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and Matrix Cleanup Method for Analyzing Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids and Other Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruits and Vegetables

Meng

DeStefano

Knappe

2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids (PFEAs) are a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are detected with increasing frequency in environmental matrices. Diet can be an important route of PFEA exposure, but the presence of PFEAs in food is poorly understood. Extraction methods for food samples exist for traditionally studied PFAS, but their suitability for PFEAs and other novel PFAS remains unknown. In this study, an extraction and matrix cleanup method was developed to quantify 45 PFAS, including 13 PFEAs, 3 perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, and 6 fluorotelomer carboxylic acids in 10 types of fruits and vegetables. Homogenized samples were extracted with basic methanol, and resulting extracts were diluted with water and cleaned up using solid-phase extraction with weak anion-exchange cartridges. The method was validated by performing spike−recovery experiments at spike levels of 1 ng/g in all 10 matrices and 0.1 ng/g in 2 matrices. For PFAS without a corresponding isotopically labeled internal standard (IS), adopting an IS with a similar chromatographic retention time generated the most accurate recoveries. Dependent upon the matrix, recoveries of 38−44 PFAS (including 10−13 PFEAs) fell within 50−150% for samples spiked at 1 ng/g. Recoveries of 40 and 38 PFAS in blueberries and corn, respectively, fell within 50−150% for samples spiked at 0.1 ng/g. Method quantification limits (MQLs) of PFAS in pure solvents were determined as the lowest calibration level with an accuracy between 70 and 130%. To compensate for matrix effects, a matrix factor was applied on the basis of the analyte response in different matrices relative to the pure solvent. The MQLs of 45 PFAS (including 13 PFEAs) in 10 matrices ranged from 0.025 to 0.25 ng/g. Overall, this method is capable of sensitively quantifying 45 PFAS in many fruits and vegetables.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and Matrix Cleanup Method for Analyzing Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids and Other Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruits and Vegetables

Meng

DeStefano

Knappe

2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Sonication at 50 °C for 45 min obtained the optimal extraction efficiency using methanol, which was the most used extraction solvent in former studies [ 1 , 2 , 16 , 23 , 25 , 26 ]. This study investigated the combinations of two extraction temperature (30 °C and 50 °C) and five lengths of extracting time (15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min) with three duplicates at each condition; PFBA, PFPeA, and 6:2 FTOH were detected in the tested microwave popcorn packaging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solid-liquid extraction [ 23 , 26 ], ultrasound assisted extraction [ 17 , 27 ], and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [ 1 , 16 , 21 ] are used for extracting PFASs from food packaging with ethanol-water or methanol-water mixtures. These studies focused on PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates [ 16 , 21 , 28 , 29 ], and only limited researches investigated PAPs and FTOHs [ 2 , 17 , 23 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in food packaging in Taiwan using ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Siao¹,

Tseng²,

Chen³

2022

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

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Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as coating materials, possess oil-resistant and waterproof properties. However, their persistency and toxicity have caused concerns. This study developed a method for determining five types of 20 PFASs with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and measured seven categories of 32 commercial samples of oil-resistant food packaging in Taiwan. The assay was validated according to the specification of Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). Samples of 100 cm 2 were cut into pieces and were ultra-sonicated in 20-mL methanol at 50 °C for 45 minutes. The extracts were concentrated to 1 mL for instrumental analysis. Most matrix effect factors and extraction efficiencies of the analytes were 50%–80% and 52%–99%, respectively. Most limits of detection and limits of quantification were between 0.07–11.3 ng/dm 2 and 0.17–18.3 ng/dm 2 , respectively. Most recoveries ranged from 70% to 117% at three tested levels, and the precisions (%RSD) were lower than 19%. Microwave popcorn paper contained more types and higher levels of PFASs than other packaging, with perfluoroalkyl acids at 8.3–1960 ng/dm 2 and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) at 9.7–7188 ng/dm 2 . High concentrations of FTOHs were also observed in one oil-proof paper bag at 454–2595 ng/dm 2 and in one French fries paper bag at 22.4–167 ng/dm 2 .

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“…Just as with human diets, 24,38 the risks of PFAS exposure among pets consuming commercial pet foods are not well understood. An exploratory study 40 conducted by Chinthakindi et al using 11 different brands of popular dog and cat food sold within the United States demonstrated that nearly 30% of the samples contained PFCAs with total PFCA concentrations ranging from less than the limit of detection to 3.67 ng/g. Four of the 9 PFCAs were measurable: perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFHxA, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and PFOA.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: using comparative medicine to understand exposure and adverse health outcomes in people and their pets

Brake

Wilkins

Kaneene

2023

ajvr

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One of the important human health benefits of keeping pets may be to serve as an early warning system for indoor childhood exposure to toxic chemicals such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The stain-resistant properties and environmental stability of PFAS make them a preferred choice for protective coatings and lubricants, and they have been used for years in various manufacturing and industrial processes around the world. Although the use of PFAS has arguably improved many commercial products, they have been linked to adverse health outcomes such as developmental delays, liver damage, immune suppression, disruption of endocrine and reproductive systems, and some cancers. The current body of literature suggests that serum PFAS levels in dogs and cats are analogous to their human counterparts and that household pets experience similar changes in blood chemistry markers. The proximity of small children and household pets to PFAS-treated carpets and floors, in addition to their tendency to put things into their mouths, potentially allows pets to serve as sentinels for household PFAS exposure. To assess the suitability of pets as indicators for exposure, researchers need to understand the most likely sources of PFAS exposure for household pets and identify the biomarkers of biological effects in those animals. Understanding these parameters may alert veterinary clinicians to potential sources of contamination in the home and ultimately protect the lives of the children and animals who live there.

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An exploratory analysis of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances in pet food packaging from the United States

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

Extraction and Matrix Cleanup Method for Analyzing Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids and Other Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruits and Vegetables

Extraction and Matrix Cleanup Method for Analyzing Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids and Other Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruits and Vegetables

Determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in food packaging in Taiwan using ultrasonic extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: using comparative medicine to understand exposure and adverse health outcomes in people and their pets

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