An Exploration of the Labor, Financial, and Economic Factors Related to Suicide in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Inoue, Ken; Seksenbayev, Nursultan; Chaizhunusova, Nailya; Moldagaliyev, Timur; Ospanova, Nargul; Tokesheva, Sholpan; Zhunussov, Yersin; Takeichi, Nobuo; Noso, Yoshihiro; Hoshi, Masaharu; Kawano, Noriyuki

doi:10.3390/ijerph18136992

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The literature does not present the root causes of suicides in the northern region of Pakistan. A few generic reasons such as domestic violence [34,48,65], mental diseases [66][67][68], economic reasons [63,64], competition in academic fields [28], and broken love affairs [48] are usually coined as the reasons for suicides. Understanding these generic causes does not allow us to devise effective solutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping Institutional Interventions to Mitigate Suicides: A Study of Causes and Prevention

Ullah

Shah²,

Khan

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Suicide is an extreme, tragic act and an important subject for social inquiry. It is the rising public health issue prevalent in the Himalayan range of Pakistan. The young and educated population is more prone to suicide instead of using this prime phase of age productively. Unfortunately, the suicide problem remains unaddressed, the causes remain undefined, solutions are not in the works, and in situations when others play a part in driving someone to commit suicide, no one is being held accountable. This study is aimed at uncovering the root causes of suicide and proposing some preventive measures to mitigate the problem. Our team studied three years’ worth of data (2017–2019) on suicides from the office of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Chitral. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews of different stakeholders, including family members, neighbors, lawyers, and police personnel. The findings revealed that extended family pressures, the power dynamic between sustainers and dependents, family conflicts, and inheritance cases were the major causes of the domestic violence that preceded suicide attempts. Mental health issues, forced marriages, academic competitions, and flawed litigation processes were also among the leading causes of suicide. Awareness through education and religious sermons, strengthening healthcare organizations, restructuring family systems, establishing police complaint centers, effective prosecution processes, and imparting lifesaving skills have been identified as measures to prevent suicide. This study has theoretical and practical implications, as it adds certain novel variables regarding the causes and solutions of suicide to the existing body of literature and guides public authorities to strengthen institutions to intervene effectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, the question arises as to the underlying causes of mental health problems that make a person suicidal. Third, financial and economic factors are held liable for suicide [63,64]. This leaves the question as to why poverty is allowed to be severe enough to drive people to take their own lives.…”

Section: Research Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Institutional Interventions to Mitigate Suicides: A Study of Causes and Prevention

Ullah

Shah²,

Khan

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Traditionally, Kazakhstan has had high suicide rates and showed a twice higher rate compared to the global average in 2019. A recent study found that unemployment was the factor most strongly correlated with suicide rates in Kazakhstan between 2000 and 2019 [ 32 ]. The suicide rate estimated in Pakistan was also slightly above the global average.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of age-standardized suicide rates in Muslim-majority countries in 2000-2019

et al. 2022

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Background This study examines the 20-year trend of suicide in 46 Muslim-majority countries throughout the world and compares their suicide rates and trends with the global average. Ecological-level associations between the proportion of the Muslim population, the age-standardized suicide rates, male-to-female suicide rate ratio, and the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019 were examined. Methods Age-standardized suicide rates were extracted from the WHO Global Health Estimates database for the period between 2000 and 2019. The rates in each country were compared with the age-standardized global average during the past 20 years. The countries were further grouped according to their regions/sub-regions to calculate the regional and sub-regional weighted age-standardized suicide rates involving Muslim-majority countries. Correlation analyses were conducted between the proportion of Muslims, age-standardized suicide rate, male: female suicide rate ratio, and the HDI in all countries. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the age-standardized suicide rates in 2000-2019. Results The 46 countries retained for analysis included an estimated 1.39 billion Muslims from a total worldwide Muslim population of 1.57 billion. Of these countries, eleven (23.9%) had an age-standardized suicide rate above the global average in 2019. In terms of regional/sub-regional suicide rates, Muslim-majority countries in the Sub-Saharan region recorded the highest weighted average age-standardized suicide rate of 10.02/100,000 population, and Southeastern Asia recorded the lowest rate (2.58/100,000 population). There were significant correlations between the Muslim population proportion and male-to-female rate ratios (r=-0.324, p=0.028), HDI index and age-standardized suicide rates (r=-0.506, p<0.001), and HDI index and male-to-female rate ratios (r=0.503, p<0.001) in 2019. Joinpoint analysis revealed that seven Muslim-majority countries (15.2%) recorded an increase in the average annual percentage change regarding age-standardized suicide rates during 2000-2019. Conclusions Most Muslim-majority countries had lower age-standardized suicide rates than the global average, which might reflect religious belief and practice or due to Muslim laws in their judicial and social structure which may lead to underreporting. This finding needs further in-depth country and region-specific study with regard to its implication for public policy.

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“…In our previous study, we calculated the suicide rate in Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2019 and examined several items reflecting labor, financial, and economic factors by conducting a multiple regression analysis [ 13 ]. The results revealed that only unemployment was significantly associated as a risk factor for suicide during that 20-year period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Association between Suicide and Unemployment Common or Different among the Post-Soviet Countries?

Seksenbayev

Inoue

Toleuov

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) collapsed in 1991 and separated into the 15 post-Soviet countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The post-Soviet countries have faced many economic problems, including unemployment. The association between suicide and unemployment in post-Soviet countries has not been well studied. Here, we researched the annual suicide rate and the unemployment rate during the 28-year period from 1992 to 2019 in the 15 post-Soviet countries. We calculated the correlation coefficients between the suicide rate and the unemployment rate in each of the countries during this period, and we determined the association between the suicide rate and unemployment rate. Our major findings were that (1) the suicide rates among both males and females were significantly associated with the unemployment rate in nearly half of the 15 countries, and (2) for nearly 70% of the males in the entire set of 15 countries, there was an association between the suicide rate and the unemployment rate. Suicide-prevention researchers and organizations should be aware of our findings, and specific suicide-prevention measures based on these results are desirable.

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An Exploration of the Labor, Financial, and Economic Factors Related to Suicide in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Mapping Institutional Interventions to Mitigate Suicides: A Study of Causes and Prevention

Mapping Institutional Interventions to Mitigate Suicides: A Study of Causes and Prevention

An analysis of age-standardized suicide rates in Muslim-majority countries in 2000-2019

Is the Association between Suicide and Unemployment Common or Different among the Post-Soviet Countries?

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