An Exploration of Modifiable Risk Factors for Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: Which Factors Should We Target?

Bombardier, Charles H.; Fann, Jesse R.; Tate, Denise G.; Richards, J. Scott; Wilson, Catherine S.; Warren, Ann Marie; Temkin, Nancy; Heinemann, Allen W.

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.12.020

Cited by 69 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Yet other studies revealed no significant differences between men and women. 4,26,28 Our results may be due to differences in social support or gender differences in expression of feelings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators

Khazaeipour

Taheri-Otaghsara

Naghdi

2015

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

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Background: Depression is a common psychological problem that decreases life satisfaction and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression after SCI and its association with pathophysiological, demographic, and socioeconomic factors, including sex, age, level of injury, financial status, and suicidal thoughts. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 134 adults (≥18 years old) with SCI who were referred to the Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR) clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, for outpatient rehabilitation. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II Persian), a 21-question multiple-choice inventory, was used to measure the presence and severity of depression. Data were collected by interview. Results: Sixty-six (49.3%) participants had mild to severe depression. There was a higher probability of depression in individuals with SCI who were female, had tetraplegia, had suicidal thoughts, had a history of suicide attempt, had a low education level, or were taken cared for by a family member other than a spouse or parents. Conclusion: Depression was highly prevalent in individuals with SCI and was related to some demographic, pathophysiological, and socioeconomic indicators. The primary predictive indicators and the factors influencing depression should be determined to provide early detection and timely treatment to prevent more complications and improve quality of life for individuals with SCI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators

Khazaeipour

Taheri-Otaghsara

Naghdi

2015

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

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“…3,5,6 After SCI, the incidence rate of depression ranges from 25% and 47%, more than twice that of the general population. 8,[10][11][12][13][14] Cognitive/emotional impairments may be detrimental to SCI patients not only in their own right, but because they can compromise rehabilitation and impair recovery. 15,16 Recent experimental studies have reported that SCI in rodent models causes impairment of spatial and retention memory and depressive-like behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disrupted Neurogenesis in the Brain Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Depressive-Like Behavior after Spinal Cord Injury

Zhao

Kumar

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

105

100

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Clinical and experimental studies show that spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause cognitive impairment and depression that can significantly impact outcomes. Thus, identifying mechanisms responsible for these less well-examined, important SCI consequences may provide targets for more effective therapeutic intervention. To determine whether cognitive and depressive-like changes correlate with injury severity, we exposed mice to sham, mild, moderate, or severe SCI using the Infinite Horizon Spinal Cord Impactor and evaluated performance on a variety of neurobehavioral tests that are less dependent on locomotion. Cognitive impairment in Y-maze, novel objective recognition, and step-down fear conditioning tasks were increased in moderate-and severe-injury mice that also displayed depressive-like behavior as quantified in the sucrose preference, tail suspension, and forced swim tests. Bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation with immunohistochemistry revealed that SCI led to a long-term reduction in the number of newly-generated immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, accompanied by evidence of greater neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Stereological analysis demonstrated that moderate/severe SCI reduced neuronal survival and increased the number of activated microglia chronically in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The potent microglial activator cysteine-cysteine chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) was elevated in the brain sites after SCI in association with increased microglial activation. These findings indicate that SCI causes chronic neuroinflammation that contributes to neuronal loss, impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increased neuronal ER stress in important brain regions associated with cognitive decline and physiological depression. Accumulation of CCL21 in brain may subserve a pathophysiological role in cognitive changes and depression after SCI.

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“…This is likely to be true for people with SCI as well. Employment, however, appears to improve mood in people with SCI: those who were employed reported less severe depressive symptoms than those who were unemployed [35]. Similarly, employed Veterans are significantly less likely than unemployed Veterans to have major depression [36].…”

Section: Depressionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Optimizing medical care to facilitate and sustain employment after spinal cord injury

Thomas¹,

Goetz²,

Dixon³

et al. 2014

J Rehabil Res Dev

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An Exploration of Modifiable Risk Factors for Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: Which Factors Should We Target?

Cited by 69 publications

References 46 publications

Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators

Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disrupted Neurogenesis in the Brain Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Depressive-Like Behavior after Spinal Cord Injury

Optimizing medical care to facilitate and sustain employment after spinal cord injury

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