“…Four prior studies compared samples of older girls' and boys' latent means using different cognitive tests. Similar to our findings, three of those studies found girls and boys had equivalent scores on a latent language factor (Keith et al, 2011;Palejwala & Fine, 2015;Smith & Graves, 2021), which seems similar to the small effect we found in our study. Findings from one study diverged, however, and found boys' latent verbal mean was significantly higher than girls after controlling for general intelligence, but those differences were also small and ranged from 3 to 4 points on a standard intelligence score scale (Reynolds et al, 2008).…”