An explanation of splaying

Abstract

We propose a framework for studying bottom-up restructuring heuristics for binary search trees. We identify the key role played by depth-reducing rules in obtaining logarithmic amortized cost per access. We show that splaying is by no means the only heuristic that offers logarithmic amortized cost. ᮊ 1996 Academic Press, Inc.

Organizational Innovativeness: Construct Development and Cross‐Cultural Validation

“…Her research has been published in refereed journals as well as featured in numerous media outlets all over the world, including the TODAY show, Good Morning America, TIME magazine, New York Times, The Atlantic, The Telegraph, and the Toronto STAR, and on CNN. and empirically, organizations that implemented more innovations have been perceived as having higher levels of innovativeness (Avlonitis et al, 1994;Salavou, 2004;Subramanian, 1996;Wang and Ahmed, 2004).…”

“…O rganizational innovativeness (OI) is perceived in contemporary literature as a desirable aspect of organizations because it energizes them and enhances their probability of survival and continued success (Gopalakrishnan and Damanpour, 1997;Hurley and Hult, 1998;Hurley, Hult, and Knight, 2005;Siguaw, Simpson, and Enz, 2006;Subramanian, 1996). As such, OI has been studied extensively in multiple disciplines (e.g., management, marketing, entrepreneurship).…”

“…These inconsistencies have resulted from overlapping conceptualizations of innovativeness and innovations (Damanpour, 1991;Garcia and Calantone, 2002) or from failing to provide a clear distinction between the two concepts (Garcia and Calantone, 2002;Hurley et al, 2005;Wang and Ahmed, 2004). Operationally, OI has often been defined as the number of innovations that organizations have adopted (Avlonitis, Kouremennos, and Tzokas, 1994;Garcia and Calantone, 2002;Subramanian, 1996). This view implies that the more innovations an organization adopts, the more innovative it is.…”

“…This view implies that the more innovations an organization adopts, the more innovative it is. Furthermore, even when the difference between innovativeness and innovation was acknowledged, OI has been measured using unidimensional scales (Avlonitis et al, 1994;Hurley and Hult, 1998;Salavou, 2004;Subramanian, 1996;Wang and Ahmed, 2004).…”

In Pursuit of the Dynamic Optimality Conjecture

“…This heuristic has the following effect on nodes other than the one searched: if the node x is at depth d and l of the ancestors of x are on the search path, after the search x will be at depth d + l 2 + O(1). The work of [Sub96] explores a class of heuristics that have the same general properties of splay trees. Splay trees have been proven to have a number of amortized bounds on their performance, including such basic facts as O(log n) amortized runtime per search.…”