An experimental study on the spray characteristics of residential sprinklers under low-flow and low-pressure conditions

Zlatanović, Ljiljana; Vreeburg, J.H.G.; Hoek, Jan Peter van der; Pozņakovs, Ivars

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.05.018

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The results from this study are intended to be used for quantifying geometrical features of sprinklers. Recently, Zlatanovic et al (2014) published characterization of residential sprinkler spray at low water pressures. It showed a strong dependence of the sprinkler geometry, and a small dependence on water temperature on the initial spray characteristics.…”

Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Image-Based Characterization of a Medium Velocity Fire Water Nozzle – Preliminary Results

Lundberg¹,

Lysaker²,

Vaagsaether³

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards

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The Norwegian petroleum industry has developed a standard for the technical safety of offshore installations (NORSOK S-001, 2008). When dimensioning accidental load with this standard, the deluge or fire water spray may be considered as a risk reducing measure for equipment and pipes, but not for the structural elements or fire partition (NORSOK S-001, 2008). Proper documentation of the suppression effect and reliability has to be provided when water is used as a fire risk reduction measure in risk evaluation. The standard states that the deluge system shall be automatically activated upon confirmed gas detection when used for explosion mitigation.Full-scale fire experiments with fire on offshore platforms are limited by practical and economic considerations. Instead, numerical simulations are used for risk analyses. To get a good representation of the effect of the fire water deluge system, the properties of the water spray need to be known.In the literature, the availability of data on fire water spray is limited. Often the spray is described only by the orifice diameter of the fire water nozzles and spray angle. However, the flow properties of the spray (i.e., size and velocity distribution of the droplets) are known to influence the suppression efficiency. Small droplets will follow the convective forces in the gas flow, evaporate quickly, cool the fire gases and screen for heat radiation. In contrast, large droplets have high momentum and are more likely to reach the source of the fire and to cool objects such as process equipment and pipes.Presently the most used technique for measuring droplet size and velocity in fire water spray is the Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). This technique will provide online measurements of both size and velocity at the same time, but the technique has some limitations and practical problems.In this doctoral thesis, a laser-based shadow-imaging technique by a high-speed camera and a laser is used. To analyze the shadow-images, an in-house image-processing tool in Matlab has been developed to find droplet size-and velocity distribution.The results from the experiments in this thesis show the location in the spray to have a large effect on the water flux( 3 ( 2 • ) ⁄ ), i.e. the water flux is not uniform and varies with water supply pressure. The geometry of the nozzle and the frame arms affects the applied water flux extensively at low pressures. This effect is taken into account when the applied water flux is measured. 4The results show the water pressure to have the following effects:  The radial coverage will decrease with increasing water supply pressure  The applied water flux will be less uniform for different azimuthal angles at low water pressures than at high water pressures. The number of large droplets will decrease with increasing pressure  The velocity of the droplets will in general increase with increasing pressure.The research provides unique experimental data of droplet size-and velocity distribution for the fire water nozzle and an image processing ...

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Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Image-Based Characterization of a Medium Velocity Fire Water Nozzle – Preliminary Results

Lundberg¹,

Lysaker²,

Vaagsaether³

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards

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“…A proteção passiva não necessita de acionamento, como elementos estruturais, paredes resistentes ao fogo, portas corta fogo (LIM et al, 2019;THOMAS et al, 2020;SIDDIQUI et al, 2020). Já a proteção ativa atua a partir da presença do fogo como sprinklers, sistemas fixos de gás, extintores, hidrantes, drones e robôs de combate ao fogo (ZLATANOVIC et al, 2014;GHAMANDE et al, 2019;INNOCENTE;GRASSO, 2019;ASYRAF et al, 2020;BURDIN, 2020). É importante que os sistemas de proteção ativos e passivos sejam combinados para uma maior eficiência (SIDDIQUI et al, 2020;.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Proposed model to support the development of firefighting products in structures

Lima¹,

Gerber

Barbosa

et al. 2023

CLIUM

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Considering the scenario of Fire Safety in Brazil, where there are few alternative solutions for firefighting, protection is based on standards, knowledge is not widespread and there is no support model for the development of this type of product. This research aims to propose a support model that guides informational and conceptual design for firefighting structures. Four steps were taken to propose the methodology: i) Construction of a schematic flowchart; ii) Conducting interviews and applying questionnaires to survey the main needs; iii) Proposition of a support model; iv) Model evaluation. This model was presented to specialists and was executed by three groups in an academic and professional environment. To analyze the evaluation rounds, the participants were consulted using a questionnaire, regarding the following criteria: Applicability, Graphic Clarity and Accuracy of Representation, Completeness, Robustness and Reusability and Economic Efficiency. After analyzing the results of 22 questions in Likert, it was found that the model meets the aforementioned criteria

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“…Hence, water-based suppression systems have been developed over the past two centuries and are utilised worldwide in commercial and residential buildings [6]. Besides conventional fire sprinklers, water mist systems have become a popular suppression solution in recent decades, as it requires less water consumption to achieve rapid suppression in confined spaces [7,8]. Water mist systems are preferable for libraries, aircraft and local stores, where the water damage can be minimised since the nozzle flow rate is nearly an order of magnitude less than fire sprinklers [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Large Eddy Simulation Modelling of Water Suppression Systems Droplet Impact and Coverage Area

Cordeiro

Liu

Yuen

et al. 2022

Fire

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In this article, a collective database from validated numerical simulation has been established to study the suppression effects of water-based suppression systems under a single-compartment fire scenario at various suppression configurations and fire locations. Five fuel locations along the axis between the centre and corner of the room were configurated to dynamically analyse how the horizontal distance between the nozzle and fuel pan affects the heat release rate (HRR), temperature cooling phenomena at different heights and also the velocity profile. Throughout the fuel pan relocations, the water-mist system has achieved an average suppression time of 25 s for all the locations, it was found that the water mist system can effectively control the fire under 200 °C that is distanced over 2 m spanwise displacement from the nozzle against the fire, while the sprinkler has exhibited an excellent fuel surface cooling effect due to large momentum and heat capacity within the coverage area with an average suppression time of 50 s. The results of this study have further explored the spray coverage and droplet penetrability of different suppression systems at different locations corresponding to the fire source, and the quantitative assessment of fuel locations could also contribute to the future development of performance-based fire safety designs.

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An experimental study on the spray characteristics of residential sprinklers under low-flow and low-pressure conditions

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Image-Based Characterization of a Medium Velocity Fire Water Nozzle – Preliminary Results

Image-Based Characterization of a Medium Velocity Fire Water Nozzle – Preliminary Results

Proposed model to support the development of firefighting products in structures

On the Large Eddy Simulation Modelling of Water Suppression Systems Droplet Impact and Coverage Area

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